Generated by All in One SEO v4.8.9, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # https://cascadiaresearch.org Research, education and outreach ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://cascadiaresearch.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [posts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/posts/) - [Malnourished Gray Whale Examined on Camano Island, 02 April 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/stranding-response/malnourished-gray-whale-examined-camano-island-02-april-2022/) - On 02 April 2022, biologists, veterinarians and volunteers from Cascadia Research, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network examined a 39 foot adult male gray whale that was found dead on Camano Island earlier in the week. Although the cause of death was unable to be definitively determined, - [Celebrating our 41st Year!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/uncategorized/celebrating-our-41st-year/) - It saddens us here at Cascadia that we could not be together to celebrate our 40 years of work but we are hoping that everyone is safe and healthy where they are! So, while Cascadia was unable to hold our 40th celebration this weekend, we continue our work trying to study and protect cetaceans along the US West Coast and - [Society for Marine Mammalogy 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/uncategorized/smmhalifax2017/) - From October 22nd-27th 2017 Cascadia Research staff and affiliates will be participating in the 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Hosted by the Society for Marine Mammalogy every other year in a different location, the conference brings together 1,500+ scientists, industry leaders and policy makers from around the globe for five days - [New book on Hawai‘i’s whales and dolphins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/uncategorized/new-book/) - Based primarily on our research in Hawaiian waters over the last 17 years, and incorporating findings from other researchers as well as delving into the history of the discovery of and interactions withi whales and dolphins in Hawai‘i, The lives of Hawai‘i’s dolphins and whales: natural history and conservation has just been published by the University of Hawai‘i - [Emaciated gray whale found dead in Southern Puget Sound over holiday weekend](https://cascadiaresearch.org/uncategorized/emaciated-gray-whale-found-dead-southern-puget-sound-over/) - Emaciated gray whale found dead in Southern Puget Sound over holiday weekend A 12.5m (41 ft) adult male gray whale was examined on 07 July 2019 by biologists from Cascadia Research (CRC), Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and World Vets. The whale was in good postmortem condition and initial examination revealed malnutrition as the - [Procession of the Species 2004](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2004/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 1997](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-1997/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2000/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2001/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2003/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2017/) - Return to procession main page Many Cascadia staff, interns, and friends participate in the annual event Procession of the Species. Each year we carry water, dolphins, and other marine mammals made by Cascadia staff members alongside thousands of artists, musicians, and community members as we process through the streets of downtown Olympia. Below are some photos from this years - [Procession of the Species 2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2006/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2008/) - Return to procession main page All photos © Annie Douglas. - [Procession of the Species 2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2009/) - Return to procession main page All photos © Annie Douglas - [Procession of the Species 2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2010/) - Return to procession main page All photos © Robin W. Baird - [Procession of the Species 2012](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2012/) - Return to procession main page All photos © Robin W. Baird - [Procession of the Species 2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2013/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2014](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2014/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. Making Fakey the false killer whale - [Procession of the Species 2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2015/) - Return to procession main page All photos are copyrighted. - [Procession of the Species 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species-2016/) - Return to procession main page Our newest creation in 2016 was the narwhal, also a luminary which participates in the luminary procession the night before the main procession. All photos are copyrighted. Building the narwhal! - [Procession of the Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/procession_of_the_species/procession-species/) - The Procession of the Species began as a celebration of the 25th anniversary of Earth Day (read more about the event). Since then, the community of Olympia, WA has come together each year to celebrate Earth Day and the important cultural connection between communities and the natural world through art, music, and dance. Cascadia Research staff ## Pages - [Home](https://cascadiaresearch.org/) - SUPPORT OUR WORKLearn how you can donate to CascadiaRead MoreCURRENT PROJECTSSee what we’re researching nowRead MoreTHE SOUNDERSUpdate on the NPS gray whales.Read MoreNOVEMBER 2025 HAWAI’I ISLAND FIELD PROJECTCheck for updates from the field.Read More Previous slide Next slide About Cascadia Research Collective Cascadia Research, a non-profit Washington State corporation recognized by the Internal Revenue Service - [Publications, reports and presentations based in whole or in part on our Hawai‘i research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii_publications/) - Peer-reviewed publications The following is a list of publications based in whole or in part on our work or that we have contributed to on Hawaiian whales and dolphins, including studies over a wider area that have incorporated samples or data from our Hawai‘i research. This list also includes review chapters on some species where - [Archived Announcements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/archived-announcements/) - Cascadia’s John Calambokidis featured on the Naturally Scott podcast (December 29, 2025)Cascadia’s 2025 Year in Review (December 29, 2025)Seminar on the science and conservation of Hawai‘i’s false killer whales now available online (December 28, 2025)140 feet of fishing gear removed from humpback whale in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (November 21, 2025)Cascadia Research part - [Public presentations based on our Hawai‘i research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/presentations/) - A key part of our mission is to share the results of our work with the public, and especially with local communities in Hawai‘i. We regularly give public presentations as part of this effort, and a selection of our recent talks can be viewed on this page. We have also made a list of our - [140 feet of Fishing Gear Removed from Humpback Whale in the Strait of Juan de Fuca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/20251117mn_entanglementresponse/) - Fishing gear removed from an entangled humpback whale thanks to a rapid response by trained entanglement responders & a newly established cross-border protocol. - [West Coast Large Whale Entanglement Response Program](https://cascadiaresearch.org/west-coast-large-whale-entanglements/) - The program is built on the trifecta of RESPONSE, RESEARCH, and TRAINING. The integrated approach combines real-time responses to whale entanglements with the targeted research needed to develop effective, long-term prevention strategies, which is essential to both improving animal welfare on an individual level and safeguarding the broader recovery of large whale populations. - [Positions at Cascadia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/jobs/) - Cascadia Research is a small, tax-exempt, non-profit organization that specializes in research on marine mammals. We do not usually offer employment openings in the traditional sense; all employees work on a project-by-project basis depending on contracts we have received and the type of expertise needed. Current open positions with Cascadia. 1) Graduate Student Internships: Cascadia Research sponsors - [Support Cascadia Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/support_crc/) - Here’s how you can make a difference: Monthly Contribution & One-Time Gifts: PayPal Venmo Make checks out to :Cascadia Research Collective Mail to:Cascadia Research Collective Attn: Corinne Holland218 1/2 W 4th Ave. Olympia, WA 98501 USA Donate Stocks & Appreciated Assets Cascadia benefits from the full current value and your tax-deduction may be for the full - [Digital Newsletters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/digital-newsletters/) - 2025 - [Subscribe](https://cascadiaresearch.org/subscribe/) - Sign up and let us keep you up to date with our research and response efforts. You will receive our year-end report as well as semi-annual updates. - [Humpback Whale Research - Ocean wide down to unique individuals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/humpback-whale-research/) - Along the US West Coast, Cascadia collects independent, long-term data essential for protecting humpback whales across political & ecological boundaries. - [Photo-Id holding page](https://cascadiaresearch.org/photo-id-holding-page/) - [Gray Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/grays/) - Learn about gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus), their threats, and the research Cascadia is conducting to help protect them. - [Hawaiian seabirds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/hawaiian-seabirds/) - https://youtu.be/N3-zWLhRxEU While our studies in Hawai’i focus on whales and dolphins, we have been attempting to photograph rare or uncommon species of seabirds since about 2003, and for most field projects we tally all seabird sightings. Over the years we’ve taken over 15,000 photos of seabirds. For many years all of our seabird photos - [Graduate Student Positions at Cascadia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/interns/) - PLEASE NOTE THAT AT THIS TIME WE ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACCEPTING UNDERGRADUATE INTERNSHIP APPLICATIONS OR INQUIRIES. GRADUATE POSITION INQUIRIES: See “Graduate Student Positions at CRC” below for details. DO NOT SEND MULTIPLE INQUIRIES TO SEPARATE STAFF MEMBERS WITHOUT CC’ING ALL INTENDED CRC RECIPIENTS. Current and Past Interns & Volunteers | Current and Past Graduate Students - [Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/blues/) - Learn about blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the North Pacific, their threats, and Cascadia's research to help protect them. - [Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/humpbacks/) - Learn about humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), their threats, and the research Cascadia is conducting to help protect them. - [About Cascadia Research Collective](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/) - Cascadia Research, a non-profit Washington State corporation recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization, has conducted scientific research and education for 45 years. Since incorporation in 1979, Cascadia Research has received grants and contracts, primarily from government agencies, to pursue research in a variety of areas. Most of this research has been - [Thank you for updating your preferences](https://cascadiaresearch.org/newletter-preferences/) - You gift makes a difference. Donate now Return to our home page - [The Partnership for West Coast Whale Entanglement Action: Accomplishments during Year One](https://cascadiaresearch.org/crc-whale-entanglement-partnership-year-one/) - In just the first year of the Partnership, we've made measurable progress across all fronts Responded to 6 entangled whales CRC responded to entangled whales in California, Oregon, and Washington. We discovered two additional entanglements during research surveys. Multi-day efforts were required for two responses, totaling nearly 10 days at sea.Watch a news story about - [Whale Entanglement Response Program](https://cascadiaresearch.org/west-coast-large-whale-entanglement-response/) - Our Mission is to protect and conserve whale populations along the U.S. West Coast by leading entanglement responses, conducting research to reduce entanglement risk, and preventing future incidents through research-driven solutions and collaboration with partners. - [Young Humpback Whale "Starry Knight" Freed from Second Entanglement in the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/young-humpback-whale-starry-knight-freed-from-second-entanglement-in-the-salish-sea/) - Responders with the Pacific Northwest Large Whale Entanglement Response Network successfully freed an entangled humpback whale in the Salish Sea. - [Cascadia Research part of effort to rescue stranded entangled whale in Oregon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cascadia-research-part-of-effort-to-rescue-stranded-entangled-whale-in-oregon/) - John Calambokidis and Doug Sandilands were a part of the effort to rescue the humpback whale that came ashore entangled near Yachats, Oregon on Saturday, 15 November 2025 and led the attempt to refloat the whale and get it off the beach. This overall response included NOAA, OSU, Oregon Coastal Aquarium, SR3, Pacific Marine Mammal - [Financials](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/qualifications/financials/) - Recent IRS Form 990 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Recent Audits 2024 2022 2018 For a quick summary of our finances and organization, view our profile on: - [Short-finned pilot whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/short-finned-pilot-whales-hawaii/) - In our sample of over 3,500 sightings of odontocetes in Hawaiian waters since 2000, short-finned pilot whales are the most frequently encountered species, representing almost 25% of all odontocete encounters. We have been studying various aspects of the behavior and ecology of short-finned pilot whales in Hawai‘i, photo-identifying individuals in every group encountered (collecting over 450,000 - [](https://cascadiaresearch.org/benko_02wphoto-pdf/) - Benko_02wPhoto.pdfDownload - [Thank you for subscribing to receive updates from Cascadia Research Collective!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/thank-you-for-subscribing/) - Please check your inbox for a welcome email from us. If you don't see it, please check your promotions or spam folder and mark our email as a trusted source - this will ensure that you receive our future updates in your inbox. - [](https://cascadiaresearch.org/crc-and-the-loneliest-whale/) - Cascadia Research Collective played a key role in the expedition depicted in The Loneliest Whale: The Search for 52, contributing both expertise and field operations. - [False killer whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/false-killer-whales-hawaii/) - View a Powerpoint | Publications & presentations | Download brochure or kid’s handout | ID guides for ocean users | Video footage | Crittercam footage Animation of movements of tagged Pseudorca | Management of Pseudorca Pseudorca crassidens, or false killer whales, are a large toothed whale that lives in the tropical and sub-tropical open ocean. In Hawaiian waters there are three populations: an offshore (pelagic) population, a - [Bottlenose dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/bottlenose-dolphins-hawaii/) - Bottlenose dolphins are commonly seen in shallow-water ( - [Pygmy killer whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/pygmy-killer-whales-hawaii/) - The pygmy killer whale, a small toothed whale found in tropical oceanic waters world-wide, is one of the least-frequently encountered species of delphinids (oceanic dolphins) in the world. More is known about pygmy killer whales in Hawai‘i than anywhere else in the world, based primarily on a long-term photo-identification study originally started by researcher Dan McSweeney - [Statement of Qualifications](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/qualifications/) - Cascadia Research, a non-profit Washington State corporation recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization, has conducted scientific research and education for the past 27 years. Since incorporation in 1979, Cascadia Research has received grants and contracts, primarily from government agencies, to pursue research in a variety of areas. Most of this - [Whale Freed from Life-Threatening Entanglement in the Salish Sea – Resighted Appearing Stronger and Energetic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/whale-freed-from-life-threatening-entanglement-in-the-salish-sea/) - Coordinated response by whale watchers and entanglement response teams saves injured humpback whale from likely fatal outcome Salish Sea, [July 26, 2025] – On Friday, a humpback whale named Starry Knight was seen actively breaching just days after it was successfully freed from a life-threatening entanglement. The whale was seen swimming near Galiano Island, BC, - [Cascadia's Role in Reducing Whale Entanglement Along the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/whaleentanglementresponse/) - Whale entanglement remains one of the greatest threats to large whales along the US West Coast. Cascadia Research Collective has been at the forefront of whale conservation and research since the 1980’s, responding to our first entangled whale in 1998. Entanglement responses are necessary to understand the who, what, where, when, and why of the - [Boat Waiver](https://cascadiaresearch.org/boat-waiver/) - [Washington's Inside Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/study-regions/washington-inside-waters/) - Cascadia Research Collective, based in Olympia, Washington, has been studying marine mammals in the inland waters of the Salish Sea for more than four decades. - [A Regional breakdown of Cascadia's Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/study-regions/) - [How to Contribute Photos and Video](https://cascadiaresearch.org/how-to-contribute-photos-and-video/) - We encourage the use of DSLR cameras when possible for highest quality images, however, we understand that many of our contributors will be primarily using their mobile phones while on the water. So here are some important points to keep in mind: We prefer high-resolution photos over videos due to their higher detail, but welcome - [Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/dwarf-and-pygmy-sperm-whales-hawaii/) - An adult dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) off the island of Hawai‘i. Note the blunt head and large dorsal fin. Dwarf sperm whales and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) are the only two members of the Family Kogiidae, and both species are found in Hawaiian waters. These two species are closely related, and in fact weren't - [Spinner dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/spinner-dolphins-hawaii/) - In our study spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) are the fifth-most frequently encountered species of odontocete, in part because the area outside of the harbor that we leave from on the island of Hawai‘i is a traditional resting site for this population. In over 350 "on-effort" sightings, 55% of them are within a kilometer of shore, and - [Donating to Cascadia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/donations/) - Cascadia Research Collective is a 501(c)3 non-profit research and education organization, and donations to Cascadia are tax deductible. Want to support our research and education efforts? Donations can be made to support our overall mission or can be designated specifically for one of our programs (West Coast photo-ID, entanglement response & research, stranding response, or - [Graduate Students](https://cascadiaresearch.org/graduate-students/) - Click here to learn more about graduate positions at CRC, including details on how to apply. Current and Past Graduate Students 2025 Emma Stock Hi, I’m Emma! I am a graduate student in the Master of Environmental Studies program at The Evergreen State College. I earned my bachelor’s degree in biology, with a minor - [Rough-toothed dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/rough-toothed-dolphins-hawaii/) - Rough-toothed dolphins are the third-most frequently encountered species of toothed whale in our study, representing 14% of all odontocete sightings from 2000 through 2021. Rough-toothed dolphins are primarily a deep-water species, and sighting rates tend to increase with depth. Off Hawai‘i Island they tend to remain in waters deeper than 1,000 m. Off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, - [toolset-views00001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/toolset-views00001/) - [Projects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/projects/) - Current Cascadia Projects US West Coast Studies of N Puget Sound gray whales Cascadia Research has been conducting research on the gray whales that feed each spring in the waters around Whidbey and Camano Islands since 1990 but has recently expanded this work to examine details of their feeding in this region. This study has included deployments of suction cup attached video tags - [Sounders Cards](https://cascadiaresearch.org/projects/sounders-cards/) - In an effort to increase public interest and knowledge about the local population of gray whales, known as the “Sounders”, we are excited to announce our new “Sounders” cards, available as a free downloadable PDF. These cards feature each individual “Sounder” and highlight facts about gray whales, as well as stories about the individual whales - [ Blainville's beaked whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/blainvilles-beaked-whales/) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uL-Go7TRfwI&ab_channel=CascadiaResearch Almost a quarter of the 90 recognized species of cetaceans are beaked whales, members of the Family Ziphiidae. There are currently 23 recognized species, but several new species have been described in recent years and it is likely that more will be recognized as genetic analyses are undertaken on skeletal specimens and additional specimens are - [Goose-beaked (Cuvier's beaked) whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/goose-beaked-whales/) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wv5nte8oKfA&ab_channel=CascadiaResearch Almost a quarter of the 90 recognized species of cetaceans are beaked whales, members of the Family Ziphiidae. There are currently 23 recognized species, but several new species have been described in recent years and it is likely that more will be recognized as genetic analyses are undertaken on skeletal specimens and additional specimens - [Updates from our Hawai‘i field projects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/field-projects-updates/) - Our study began in 1999, and field work has included both multi-week field projects where we head out on the water every day (or almost every day), and, since 2020, rapid-response efforts off Kona when high-priority species are reported. Most years we have multi-week field projects off two or three different island areas. In 2024 - [Hawaiian Dolphin and Whale Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/hawaiian-odontocete-species/) - There are 18 species of odontocetes (toothed whales) that have been documented in Hawaiian waters, and eight species of mysticetes (baleen whales). We have seen all 18 species of odontocetes and three species of mysticetes in our work. Which species of odontocetes are seen most frequently depends in part on where you look – in - [Cascadia West Coast Research and Response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cascadia-west-coast-research-and-response/) - The core of Cascadia’s work revolves around populations studies using the tools of photo-identification, genetic sampling, and tagging. The data generated from these activities form the foundation of all our research efforts, enabling us to track individuals, estimate populations, and better understand the behaviors of these species. This information is crucial for developing effective management - [Animations of satellite tag data from Hawaiian cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/hawaii_tag_animations/) - We’ve tagged a number of species of whales and dolphins in Hawai‘i with LIMPET satellite tags over the last 17 years, and data from those tag deployments have been used in many different publications and presentations. We wanted to share animations of some of these deployments, to show how each species uses the areas around - [Killer whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/killer-whales-hawaii/) - Killer whales (Orcinus spp.) are found world-wide, and several populations are among the most well-known of any whale population in the world. In Hawaiian waters they are rare, to say the least. In a 2002 National Marine Fisheries Service survey of the entire Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone, extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) offshore of - [Humpback whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/humpback-whales-2/) - Although the focus of our research in Hawaiian waters is on odontocetes, the first funding for what became our long-term study was for humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) research, a small grant from the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary in 2000, to study the diving behavior of this species. Since then, we've been recording information - [Minke Whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/minke-whales/) - Encounters with common minke whales in Hawaiian waters are quite rare, in part due to their inconspicuous nature. They’ve been seen a handful of times in the main Hawaiian Islands but have also been documented in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and far offshore during NMFS large vessel surveys and by fishermen. Despite this, acoustic detections - [Sei whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/sei-whales-hawaii/) - Sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) are relatively rare in Hawaiian waters. In our study (22 years as of 2021) we've only encountered them on three different days. Our first two sightings were during our February/March 2018 Lāna‘i field project, and we encountered a single individual during our November 2021 Kona field project. The first known sighting of sei - [Fin whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/fin-whales-hawaii/) - Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) off Lāna‘i, December 7, 2012 Our first fin whale sighting in the Hawaiian Islands wasn't until December 2012, when we were able to return to Lāna‘i for the first time since 2003. This was also our first encounter with a species of baleen whale other than humpbacks in 13 years of research in - [Community Science at Cascadia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/communityscience/) - Community science, also called citizen science, is the term given to research conducted by members of the public. Community science contributions are a valuable resource in our research at Cascadia, and have frequently helped to improve our understanding of the species and issues we study. To explore community science at Cascadia by region continue to scroll down, or click on - [Contact Us](https://cascadiaresearch.org/contact-us/) - Who to contact? Our general office number is 360-943-7325 For strandings of large whales in the state or strandings of any marine mammal in Thurston or Mason Counties you can call our stranding hotline at 360-791-9555 or our general office at 360-943-7325. We will want to know the date, time, location, description, and your name - [Publications](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/) - [Hawaiian Cetacean Studies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/) - Publications | Species pages | Field project updates | Hawaiian seabirds | Hawaiian sea turtles | Hawaiian cephalopods | Conservation Species ID sheets | Download a brochure | Got photos? | Data sample collection | WANTED: Dead or Alive False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). Photo © Robin W. Baird. In the Kumulipo, the Hawaiian chant of creation, the whale is a kino lau (physical manifestation) of the god Kanaloa. In our work we - [Crittercam footage of false killer whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/fkwcrittercam/) - On September 30, 2002, in collaboration with National Geographic, we deployed a suction-cup attached Crittercam system on a false killer whale off the island of Hawai‘i. This individual, HIPc555, was a juvenile from Cluster 2 of the endangered main Hawaiian Islands population. Below are some clips of the footage from this deployment. While we did - [How To Report An Entangled Whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/report-an-entangled-whale/) - Please call the appropriate number below immediately and: Do not get in the water Do not attempt to remove, grab or cut any entangling line Stay back 50 to 100 yards (one football field) – There is a risk of your boat becoming entangled in the entangling gear – The whale can become scared of - [Comments by Cascadia Research on proposed government actions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/comments/) - As a top priority, Cascadia Research provides government management agencies charged with reducing impacts on marine mammals our latest research results, as well as comments on proposed government actions based on ours and others research. We do this in several ways. In addition to publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at workshops and conferences, co-founder - [Advice for people interested in a career studying marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/robin-baird-advice/) - I am often asked for advice by prospective graduate students or others interested in working with marine mammals, so I have included below some advice/comments I’ve provided in the past, as well as a bit of history on how I started in the field. I first started this list after participating in a Society for - [Hawaiian Sea Turtles](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/hawaiian-sea-turtles/) - During our field projects, we've encountered four different species of sea turtles, out of the five total species that can be found in Hawaiian waters (all except Loggerhead Sea Turtles). Almost every sea turtle we've seen has been a Green Sea Turtle (Honu in Hawaiian), but we've been able to get photographs of three other - [What's in a name?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/whats-in-a-name/) - Common names of whales and renaming Ziphius cavirostris Robin W. Baird Should common names for whales and dolphins named after people be changed? The binomial scientific names (e.g., Hyperoodon ampullatus) given to species of all animals follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which was established to encourage universal and stable names and ensure that - [What are the biggest threats facing Hawaiian odontocetes?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/threats-facing-hawaiian-odontocetes/) - A pantropical spotted dolphin with a wound from a vessel propeller. Photo by Annie Gorgone The most well-publicized threat to Hawaiian odontocetes is the issue of harassment and potential displacement of spinner dolphins from their resting areas by swimmers, snorkelers, and small boats. Spinner dolphins are the only species of cetacean that rests near shore - [SPLASH-2 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING - 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash2-mou/) - The SPLASH-2 collaboration seeks to update information on humpback whales in the North Pacific focused on abundance and population structure. This will follow up the successful original SPLASH-1 project conducted from 2004 to 2006 but which is now almost 15 years out of date. SPLASH-2 will enlist researchers already conducting photographic identification work in regions - [Risso's dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/rissos-dolphins-hawaii/) - We’ve seen Risso’s dolphins on only sixteen occasions between 2000 and Fall 2021, with all sightings off the island of Hawai‘i. They are probably seen so infrequently because groups are usually far from shore (ranging from 3 to 61 kilometers; average = 37 km) in deep water (range 1,500 m to 4,700 m; average = - [Pantropical spotted dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/pantropical-spotted-dolphins-hawaii/) - Pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) high speed swimming off the island of Hawai‘i. Pantropical spotted dolphins are the second-most frequently encountered species in our study – between 2000 and late 2021 we’ve had over 600 encounters with this species! Like false killer whales, pantropical spotted dolphins are found both in shallow waters ( - [PCFG Catalog](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-catalog/) - Catalog and summary details of PCFG whales in the Cascadia Research collaborative catalog through 2020: For information purposes only, please submit photographs to Cascadia Research for confirmation and inclusion in the official collaborative database. See https://pcfgconsortium.org/ for more information on the consortium. Please contact the consortium for information and procedure for research use. See https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/cascadia-research-studies-pcfg-gray-whales/ for more information on Cascadia’s studies - [Our Interns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/interns/) - Click here to learn more about internship positions at CRC, including details on how to apply. 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Click here to learn more about internship positions at CRC, including details on how to apply. 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 Christina Verkhovliak Andi Gero Hadley Beahan Adam Lache Meg Vandenberg Danny Barrios Makenzie Grider Annika Dawley Rebecca Strauch Landon Deatherage Jaime Rae Lauren - [Our Team](https://cascadiaresearch.org/our-team/) - Staff John Calambokidis John Calambokidis is a Senior Research Biologist and one of the founders of Cascadia Research Collective, a non-profit research organization formed in 1979 based in Olympia, Washington. He periodically serves as an Adjunct Faculty at the Evergreen State College teaching a course on marine mammals. His primary interests are the biology of marine mammals and - [Gray Whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/gray-whales/) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1txf0WOIum4&ab_channel=CascadiaResearch Only a single gray whale has ever been documented in Hawaiian waters, an individual seen off Kona, Hawai’i Island, two days in a row in February 2022. This sighting is a great example of the value of community science – the first sighting was documented from a dive boat, the second from a whale - [Melon-headed whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/melon-headed-whales-hawaii/) - Melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) underwater. Melon-headed whales are a poorly-known tropical oceanic odontocete. They are only infrequently encountered in Hawaiian waters. In our study we've encountered groups an average of every 14 days on the water (every ~1,500 km of search effort). Group sizes are variable, ranging from a single animal to 800 individuals, but typically - [Fraser's dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/frasers-dolphins-hawaii/) - Fraser's dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) off the island of Hawaii, April 30, 2008. As of August 2021 we have only documented Fraser's dolphins seven times in our surveys (once in 2008 and in 2012, twice in 2015 and 2020, and once in August 2021). Six of our seven sightings have been off Hawai‘i Island, and just one - [Striped dolphins in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/striped-dolphins-hawaii/) - Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) mother and calf high speed swimming off the island of Hawai‘i. Striped dolphins in Hawai‘i are typically found in very deep waters (our average sighting depth is 3,400 m) far from shore (our average distance from shore is 31 km). Striped dolphins in Hawaiian waters also typically avoid boats, sometimes from distances of several - [Sperm whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/sperm-whales-hawaii/) - A sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) fluking off the island of Hawai‘i. From 2000 through 2021 we've encountered sperm whales on 52 occasions in Hawai‘i, with sightings throughout the year. We try to obtain photographs of the underside of the flukes for individual identification, and these are contributed to a photo-identification catalog at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center in - [Longman's beaked whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/longmans-beaked-whales/) - We’ve only had a single sighting with Longman’s beaked whales (Indopacetus pacificus) – a group of ~35 individuals offshore of Kona in August 2007. In spite of this, there have been numerous likely reports of large groups of Longman’s beaked whales off the island of Hawai‘i and in offshore waters around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, - [Cross seamount beaked whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/cross-seamount-beaked-whales/) - Beaked whales have stereotypic upswept echolocation clicks that differ from other toothed whales. An unknown type of beaked whale click was first detected on Cross Seamount, to the west of Hawaiʻi Island, and has been termed BWC by acousticians. Since then, it has been documented on High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages (HARP) off Kona and Kauaʻi - [Beaked whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/beaked-whales-hawaii/) - Five Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) off the west coast of the island of Hawai‘i. Almost a quarter of the 90 recognized species of cetaceans are beaked whales, members of the Family Ziphiidae. There are currently 23 recognized species, but several new species have been described in recent years and it is likely that more will be - [toolset - interns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/toolset-interns/) - [bird-toolset-array](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird-toolset-array/) - [Example: Financial Need Statement for Cascadia Research Internship: May 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/example-financial-need-statement-for-cascadia-research-internship-may-2022/) - Hello Cascadia Research, My name is Curious Scientist and I am a first generation college student and am applying for a winter internships in the Hawaii office. My parents immigrated to the United States from the Philippines. I grew up in a small family, my mom, dad and sister. In order to come to the - [Abstracts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/abstracts/) - ACCOUNT OF HARBOUR PORPOISE (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) STRANDINGS AND BYCATCHES ALONG THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Robin W. Baird and Tamara J. Guenther Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 16):159-168. 1995. ABSTRACT Little is known about the biology or status of the harbour porpoise (Phocona phocoena) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. In this study, - [Cetacean Diving Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cetacean-diving-behavior/) - I have been examining the diving and night-time behaviour of a number of species of cetaceans, using suction-cup attached TDRs. This has involved work in eastern and western Canada (Nova Scotia and British Columbia), off Japan, New Zealand, the United States (Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii) French Polynesia (Moorea), Iceland, and Italy. Species studied include Dall’s porpoise, northern - [Archived projects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/archived/) - The following projects are no longer active, and have not been updated for for several years. Many of these links will take you pages on the old version of our website, where some links and navigation are likely to be broken. Marine Mammal Studies at SCORE Collaborative studies of marine mammals in and around the US - [Document Library](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-library/) - [Cascadia Interns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cascadia-interns/) - Current Interns Photo-ID Interns - Individuals helping match photographs in our Hawaiʻi and US West Coast catalogs. Winter 2022 Cascadia Interns Hawai'i Project Interns Andrew Casillas: See below in Fall 2021 section Claire Geiman: See below in Fall 2021 section West Coast Project Interns Kiana Boyer Hello, I'm Kiana! I recently graduated - [Hawaiian Pelagic Cephalopods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/hawaiian-pelagic-cephalopods/) - Part of our ongoing work in Hawai‘i is an effort to collect and identify floating dead cephalopods (squid or octopus) that we find during our field efforts, with the goal of determining which species are available and potential prey for cetaceans and seabirds. Many of the specimens we find are likely brought up to the surface by - [Hawaiʻi Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-species/) - [Providing Cameras for Fishermen to Support Photo-ID Efforts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii/cameras-for-fishermen/) - Photographs taken by whale watching or sports fishing charter operators, passengers on sightseeing or sports fishing trips, and private individuals out boating have all contributed to helping understand the residency and movements of Hawaiian whales and dolphins. As part of an on-going effort to support citizen science and encourage more folks to get involved, we - [Document Search Results](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-search/) - [Directions to Cascadia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/about/directions-cascadia/) - Coming from north on southbound I-5: Take the exit at Pacific Avenue (Exit 107). Turn right onto Pacific Ave. Continue straight as Pacific Ave. turns into 1-way street (now State St.) and down a hill into downtown Olympia. Both lanes of traffic make a forced left turn for one block where State St. hits the - [Finmount Satellite Tags to Aid Stranding Response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/histranding/) - Mass standings of social odontocetes may occur for a variety of reasons, including responses to Navy sonar (Southall et al. 2008), strongly-bonded individuals accompanying a sick companion into shallow water, or animals accidentally stranding as they move into unfamiliar waters in response to storms or other factors. Although mass strandings rarely occur in Hawai‘i, there are a - [Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drones) in Cetacean Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/drones/) - We've been using drones (Unmanned Aerial Systems, or UASs) in our work in Hawai‘i for the last two years and for longer off the U.S. west coast, for a variety of studies. Drones allow for obtaining aerial photos and video relatively inexpensively, including photos that can be used to measure individuals (i.e., aerial photogrammetry) and assess body - [Tagged Fin Whale off Catalina Island,California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/tagged-fin-whale-catalina-islandcalifornia/) - On 22 October 2019, Cascadia deployed a modified Acousonde acoustic tag on a fin whale off Catalina Island. This was part of a collaborative project being conducted with a number of groups including Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Southall Environmental Associates and supported by Living Marine Resources and the Office of Naval Research. The tag was attached with short darts and stayed on - [Articles and Information on Gray Whale Unusual Mortality Event (UME) along the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/articles-and-information-gray-whale-unusual-mortality-event-ume-along-us-west-coast/) - Please click the links below for recent articles and updates on the US west coast gray whale UME Gunther the gray whale given a final resting place near Port Haddock US Agency seeks 'hosts' for rotting whales amid die off A Beached Whale Needs Somewhere to Rot Malnourished whale washes up at Port Ludlow - [California Ocean Alliance Collaboration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/california-ocean-alliance-collaboration/) - John Calambokidis joins kickoff fundraiser for new organization, California Ocean Alliance and also performed with band Kinematics at the Ales for Whales event in Santa Cruz on April 7 2018 to raise funds for their education program. - [What our interns do](https://cascadiaresearch.org/what-our-interns-do/) - "During my internship, I was able to assist in four necropsies: two harbor porpoises, one harbor seal and a grey whale. I learned so much during the necropsies. Jessie (Jessie Huggins is Cascadia's Stranding Coordinator) is an amazing teacher and she always knew the answers to all of my questions." Ale Chu: Spring and Summer 2019 - [Cascadia's Collaborators](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cascadias-collaborators/) - Cascadia regularly collaborates with other organizations and individuals on a variety of research projects. Some of our current closest collaborators are: Brandon Southall - Southall Environmental Associates Inc. (SEA) - SOCAL-Tagless BPRS and (SOCAL-BRS project) Jeremy Goldbogen - Goldbogen Lab, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University Ari Friendlander - Friedlaender Lab and California Ocean Alliance (COA) SR3-SeaLife Response, Rehabilitation, Research ​Whales - [Costa Rica survey January 2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/costa-rica-survey-january-2008/) - Prepared by Annie Douglas. Email: abdouglas@cascadiaresearch.org Since 1996 Cascadia Research, the Oceanic Society and Elderhostel have collaborated on winter season surveys of southern Costa Rica for humpback whales. Primary goals for this project have been to document presence of northern hemisphere humpback whales in Costa Rican waters and obtain identification photographs of individual whales. These data as well as survey - [Cruise discovers concentration of blue whales off British Columbia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cruise-discovers-concentration-blue-whales-british-columbia/) - Released by Cascadia Research, Olympia, WA, 15 August 2007 For additional information contact: John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research (360)943-7325, calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org John Ford, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (250) 729-8375, fordjo@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca A whale survey just completed off the BC coast has identified the largest concentrations of endangered blue whales documented in these waters in more than 50 years. Blue whales are the largest animal that ## Mega Menu Items - [mega-item-6253](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-6253/) - US Mainland North Puget Sound Gray Whales Stranding response Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study Blue whale ship strikes Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Cetacean Studies Updates from the field Hawaiian Dolphin and Whale Species Beaked whales Bottlenose - [mega-item-6254](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-6254/) - About Us Directions to Cascadia Comments by Cascadia Research on proposed government actions Contact Us Statement of Qualifications Staff Our team Past Interns Interns and volunteers Positions at Cascadia Collaboration Cascadia’s Collaborators Community Science at Cascadia Graduate Students - [mega-item-4919](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4919/) - US Mainland North Puget Sound Gray Whales Stranding response Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study Blue whale ship strikes Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Cetacean Studies Updates from the field Hawaiian Dolphin and Whale Species Beaked whales Bottlenose - [mega-item-4956](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4956/) - About Us Staff Collaboration - [mega-item-4954](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4954/) - [mega-item-5029](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-5029/) - [mega-item-4914](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4914/) - [mega-item-4527](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4527/) - heading - [mega-item-4526](https://cascadiaresearch.org/jet-menu/mega-item-4526/) - Projects Home Projects Washington State North Puget Sound Gray Whales The Sounders (NPS gray whales) Stranding response Population trends in Puget Sound harbor porpoise Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Hawaiian Cetacean Studies Hawaiian Dolphin and Whale Species Short-finned pilot whales Pantropical spotted dolphins Rough-toothed dolphins ## My Templates - [Footer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=footer) - Keep In Touch Twitter Facebook-f Youtube Tiktok Instagram Support Our Work Give with confidence About Us Staff Find us - [Elementor Header #6283](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=elementor-header-6283) - Home Projects US Mainland North Puget Sound Gray Whales Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) Gray Whales Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Blue whale ship strikes Stranding Response Program Whale Entanglement Response Program SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Cetacean Studies Updates from the field Hawaiian - [Local Services Wireframe 1](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=local-services-wireframe-1) - [Elementor Loop Item #14649](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=elementor-loop-item-2) - [Elementor Loop Item #14641](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=elementor-loop-item) - [donate - global](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=donate-global) - DONATE - [bird header](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=bird-header) - Hawaiian SeabirdsWhile our studies in Hawai’i focus on whales and dolphins, we have been attempting to photograph rare or uncommon species of seabirds since about 2003, and for most field projects we tally all seabird sightings. - [Single Post](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=single-post) - [home template](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=home-template) - US Mainland North Puget Sound Gray Whales Stranding response Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study Blue whale ship strikes Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Cetacean Studies Updates from the field Hawaiian Dolphin and Whale Species Beaked whales Bottlenose - [404 Page](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=404-page) - 404 Oops, we are updating our website and may have misplaced that page. 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Try a search: Back Home - [Posts Archive](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=posts-archive) - [menu header backup](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=menu-header-backup) - Home Projects US Mainland North Puget Sound Gray Whales Stranding response Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study Blue whale ship strikes Menu North Puget Sound Gray Whales Stranding response Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray - [Homepage Slider](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=homepage-slider) - CURRENT PROJECTSSee what we’re researching nowRead MoreINTERN WITH USOpportunities for undergraduate and graduate students.Read MoreTHE SOUNDERSUpdate on the NPS gray whales.Read MoreNOVEMBER 2021 HAWAI’I ISLAND FIELD PROJECTCheck for updates from the field.Read More Previous Next - [Old Header Menu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=old-header-menu) - [Local Services Wireframe 2](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=local-services-wireframe-2) - [Default Kit](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?elementor_library=default-kit) ## Knowledge Base - [How to edit a page](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/how-to-edit-a-page/) - Date: April 28, 2022 Author: Jordan Lerma 1. After signing in, navigate to the page you want to edit 2. Click on Edit with Elementor 3. Select text that needs to be changed or drag and drop an element from the menu on the left. There are elements for videos, images, buttons, etc. 4. Click - [Update Homepage Slider](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/update-homepage-slider/) - Date: April 28, 2022 Author: Jordan Lerma 1. Navigate to the homepage 2. Click on Edit with Elementor 3. Click on the SlideShow The pencil icon in the top right of the slider. 4. In the menu on the left, click on the slide you want to edit 5. Click on the image to select - [Switching between front end and backend](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/where-is-the-dashboard/) - Date: April 28, 2022 Author: Jordan Lerma Wordpress is split into a "front-end" and "back-end". Front-end is what the general public (folks who are no logged in) will see. Back-end is an area where functions to add/edit posts and pages will become available after signing in. To switch between the front end and backend click - [Adding a new intern](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/adding-a-new-intern/) - Last Updated: April 28, 2022 Author: Jordan Lerma 1. In the top bar locate + New 2. Click on Intern 3. Enter in the Name of the new intern 4. Paste in the intern's bio into the next paragraph field 5. Upload the image by clicking select image 6. Fill in the year 7. Fill ## Timeline Stories - [First gray whale assigned a photo-ID](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cool_timeline/first-gray-whale-assigned-a-photo-id/) - CRC-01 was identified by John Calambokidis on 24 May 1986. The gray whale catalog currently contains over 2,300 individual whales. - [First humpback whale assigned a photo ID](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cool_timeline/first-humpback-whale-assigned-a-photo-id/) - Gretchen Steiger identified CRC-10001 on 15 Sept 1986 in the Gulf of Farallones, California. This whale was last seen 20 April 2022. The humpback whale catalog currently contains over 8,900 individual whales! - [Articles of incorporation signed and filed](https://cascadiaresearch.org/cool_timeline/articles-of-incorporation-signed-and-filed/) - In 1978 there was a dedicated group of students at the Evergreen State College conducting an independent study of harbor seals and contaminants in the Puget Sound, WA. With the support of their professors, they published their findings and continued their investigations into the environmental health of the southern Puget Sound. Although they had the ## Admin Pages - [Welcome to the New Website!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?post_type=udb_admin_page&p=6446) - Welcome to the New Website! This is Jordan and I’ll be here to provide support as we transition to a new platform for cascadiaresearch.org. Many things have been changed, moved, updated and/or deleted. My apologies in advance. An effort was made to try and keep as many things the same as possible but in the - [Help](https://cascadiaresearch.org/?post_type=udb_admin_page&p=6565) - Please use the form below if you have any questions or issues. Provide enough information to recreate the problem and/or URLs to the corresponding pages. If pages are missing (404 error) please provide the path to the original page. ## Projects - [The Sounders, Gray Whales of North Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/north-puget-sound-gray-whale-photo-id-and-feeding-study/) - Cascadia Research has been conducting long-term studies of the Sounders, a group of gray whales in North Puget Sound (NPS), for more than 30 years, documenting the returning individuals and the timing of their stays here. - [Stranding response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/stranding-response/) - Cascadia has been an active part of the West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network for many years and first began responding to marine mammal strandings in the late 1970s. We currently respond to an average of 100 stranded marine mammals annually, which includes large whales anywhere in Washington State. We frequently collaborate with other stranding - [Humpback and Blue Whale Photo-ID Project - US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/photo-id/) - Two humpback whale flukes show the wide variation in markings The dorsal fin and pigmentation pattern on the side of blue whales provide a fingerprint for identification. Cascadia Research conducts long-term research on humpback and blue whales both along the West Coast of the United States as well as off Central America. We began - [False Killer Whales of the Pacific Coast of Central America](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/centralamerica_fkw/) - [Biology and behavior of killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/killer-whales/) - Since it's inception Cascadia Research biologists working in the field have taken photos of killer whales when encountered and contributed them to a variety of research projects being undertaken along the west coast of North America. Starting in 2003 Cascadia began a variety of research efforts focused on killer whales, most in collaboration with the - [Atlantic Odontocete Movements and Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/atlantic-odontocete-movements-and-behavior/) - Movements, behavior, and spatial use of odontocetes off the mid-Atlantic states From 2014 through 2018 we were involved in a collaborative project with researchers from Duke University Marine Lab to examine movements and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes along the east coast of the U.S., using LIMPET satellite tags. Starting in 2017 this work - [Blue whale ship strikes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/blue-whale-ship-strikes/) - Cascadia Research has been conducting work to better understand the causes and potential solutions to the mortality of blue and other large whales due to ship strikes (see publications on day night differences in diving behavior, observations from ships transiting the west coast, and case study of a near vessel whale collision). This issue became - [Cascadia Research studies on PCFG gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/cascadia-research-studies-pcfg-gray-whales/) - This is a long term study Cascadia began in the 1980s and since 1998 has coordinated a collaborative photo-ID effort along the US West Coast tracking identified gray whales. Over 2,000 different individuals are tracked by their natural markings as a part of this research and used to estimate abundance, trends, and movements of primarily the - [Delphinid-Behavioral Response Study](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/delphinid-behavioral-response-study/) - The goal of this project, beginning in June 2017, is to study potential behavioral responses of free-ranging oceanic dolphins using controlled exposure experiments or CEEs as part of an ongoing international collaboration to measure the impacts of noise on marine mammals (see the SOCAL-BRS project). Our objectives are to develop and apply methods to track movement and behavior using integrated - [SOCAL-Behavioral Response Study](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/socal-behavioral-response-study/) - SOCAL-BRS (Southern California Behavioral Response Study) is a multi-year effort (2010-2015) designed to better understand marine mammal behavior and reactions to sound. The overall objective is to provide a better scientific basis for estimating risk and minimizing effects of active sonar for the U.S. Navy and regulatory agencies. SOCAL-BRS is also part of a larger international collaboration - [Return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/return-humpback-whales-salish-sea/) - Cascadia has been studying humpback whales since 1986 and this work has been conducted along the entire US West Coast (see overall project) with all of this research focused in outer coast waters. A little less than 10 years ago, increasing numbers of humpback whales began coming into Washington inside waters and this trend escalated in - [California Current Ecosystem Survey (CalCurCea) 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/california-current-ecosystem-survey-calcurcea-2018/) - Spatial ecology, abundance, life history, and population structure of humpback whales and other cetaceans along the US West Coast through the California Current Ecosystem Survey Cascadia Research under a contract with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) took park in the California Current Ecosystem Survey (CalCurCea) this past summer - [US West Coast wide identification and sampling of humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/us-west-coast-wide-identification-and-sampling-humpback-whales/) - US West Coast wide identification and sampling of humpback whales using small boats operated in collaboration with NOAA ship survey Cascadia Research will be conducting small-boat surveys covering the entire US West Coast from July to September 2018 in association with NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center's California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES). The primary objective of CCES is to - [Marine mammal surveys and CalCOFI](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/marine-mammal-surveys-and-calcofi/) - Since July 2004, Cascadia Research has participated in quarterly marine mammal surveys with graduate students from Scripps Institution of Oceanography on the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation cruises. The CalCOFI cruises were begun in 1949 to monitor the ecological aspects of the sardine population collapse, and since then have continued to study the marine environment off of California. In addition to the - [SPLASH: Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/splash-structure-populations-levels-abundance-and-status-humpback-whales-north-pacific/) - SPLASH online: The SPLASH catalog and data is now available on line at www.SPLASHcatalog.org SPLASH Symposium: A report on the SPLASH Symposium held in October 2009 in Quebec which includes extended abstracts of the presentations is available here. This report provides the most complete summary of all aspects of the SPLASH project. SPLASH Educational presentation: A SPLASH educational presentation and summary (provides a - [Marine Mammal Studies at the Southern California Offshore Range (SCORE)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/marine-mammal-studies-southern-california-offshore-range-score/) - Cuvier's beaked whales on a very calm day at SCORE. Photo by Erin Falcone, 2007 Cascadia began working with scientists from the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) on a collaborative visual-acoustic study of marine mammals at SCORE, a naval training area off the coast of southern California, in August 2006. Since that - [Cascadia Research Bat Work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/cascadia-research-bat-work/) - Peer-reviewed articles Northwestern Naturalist: Winter Foraging of Silver-haired and California Myotis Bats in Western Washington (Falxa 2007) Northwest Science: Habitat Use of Pallid Bats in Coniferous Forests of Northern California (Baker et al. 2008) Reports from bat studies conducted in the Puget Sound region: Final report on the 2009 Townsend's Big-eared bat study conducted at Fort Lewis, - [Trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/trends-contaminants-puget-sound-harbor-seals/) - Collaborative project with Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Canada’s Institute of Ocean Science to examine trends in contaminants in harbor seals from Puget Sound. Cascadia personnel have monitored trends in contaminants in harbor seals since the mid-1970s. Funded previously by Puget Sound Action Team and U.S. EPA and currently under a NOAA Prescott - [Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/washington-state/) - Biology and behavior of killer whales | North Puget Sound gray whales | Stranding response While Cascadia Research participates in whale research in many other parts of the world, we have special interest in our own local cetacean and pinnipeds in the Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and off the Washington coast. Some of Cascadia's - [Gulf of Alaska Line-Transect Survey (GOALS)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project/goals/) - Researchers from Cascadia, the National Marine Mammal Lab, Biowaves and HDR conducted a line-transect survey in the Gulf of Alaska from June to July 2013. The primary mission of this project was to determine distribution and abundance of marine mammals within the Gulf of Alaska Navy operating area. The 2013 survey was planned to cover ## Project updates - [Update on NPS gray whales "Sounders" and new ID guide](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/update-nps-gray-whales-sounders-and-new-id/) - Each spring in the North Puget Sound area of Washington state, roughly a dozen whales known as the "Sounders" make their way to the inland waters, diverging from their migrational path to feed on ghost shrimp for 2-3 months. These whales an be seen around the southern ends of Whidbey and Camano Island, Saratoga Passage, Port Susan, Gedney/Hat Island, - [Puget Sound dolphin and porpoise species identification video](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/puget-sound-dolphin-and/) - In the late 20th century, the only small cetaceans you were likely to see in the Puget Sound were Dall’s porpoise. Harbor porpoise returned to the Puget Sound around 2000, and sightings of several dolphin species have been increasing since 2010. Sightings of common dolphins and bottlenose dolphins have increased considerably since 2016 and Pacific - [Gray whale necropsy April 4, 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/er-necrop-april-4-2023/) - A gray whale that was reported dead in the shallows of Fox Island in southern Puget Sound on 1 April 2023 was successfully relocated to a remote site on 3 April and an examination conducted by biologists primarily with Cascadia Research, WDFW and World Vets on 4 April. The examination revealed the adult male had - [Rare Sighting of Blue Whales off the Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/rare-sighting-blue-whales/) - Rare sighting of Blue Whales off the Washington Coast Photo above is CRC ID-3174 On 24 July 2019, Kiirsten Flynn and John Calambokidis of Cascadia Research found two blue whales feeding just 17 nautical miles NW of Grays Harbor in just 60 m of water. Blue whales are the largest animals that ever lived and - [Sounders Gray Whale Update and Recent Survey in North Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/sounders-gray-whale-update/) - Hannah Clayton and John Calambokidis from Cascadia completed a survey on Sunday 6 March 2022 out of Everett and covered Possession Sound, Saratoga Passage north to Skagit Bay and Port Susan and found whales in a number of areas and also obtained some good acoustic recordings. Based on photo-IDs, Alie Perez confirmed 8 different - [Gray whale stranding season has begun](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-stranding-season-has-begun/) - Gray whale stranding season has begun a bit early this year, with 5 dead gray whales in Washington waters so far (although one whale ended up in Canadian waters). The most recent was discovered near Camano Island on 20 April 2021. Due to logistical constraints and the decomposition of the carcass, we have been limited - [Gray whale necropsy March 9, 2021 And Early Arrival of Sounders](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-necropsy-march-9-2021-and-early-arrival-sounders/) - Biologists, veterinarians and volunteers from Cascadia Research, Department of Fish and Wildlife and World Vets conducted a necropsy of a dead gray whale yesterday (March 9) in Ocean Shores WA. The whale was initially sighted offshore in the surf on the afternoon of March 7 and was found dead on the beach on March 8. - [Gray whales learn daring feeding strategy in Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whales-learn-daring-feeding-strategy/) - Photo: Ian Flynn-Thomas, Cascadia Research The Seattle Times featured a front page story on Cascadia’s project on the Sounder gray whales we are conducting with John Durban of SEA (Southall Environmetal Associates) and Holly Fearnbach of SR3, Click here about. You can read more about Cascadia’s studies on the Sounders gray whales at https://www.cascadiaresearch.org/projects/north-puget-sound-gray-whale-photo-id-and-feeding-study. There are also other - [Dead humpback whale in Strait de Juan de Fuca examined](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/dead-humpback-whale-strait-de-juan-de-fuca-examined/) - Photo above is humback whale CRC-17497 floating near Seiku, Wa. Oct 3, 2020. Underwater footage was captured by Cascadia team on this day. Photo by: Ian Flynn-Thomas, Cascadia Research Dead humpback whale in Strait de Juan de Fuca examined A humpback whale reported floating dead in the Strait of Juan de Fuca last week was - [New whale detection program for ship strike mitigation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/new-whale-detection-program-ship-strike-mitigation/) - On 17 September 2020 a whale detection system for blue whales in the Santa Barbara Channel was launched as part of the Benioff Ocean Initiative. The goal of the Whale Safe is to provide up to date information on whale and ship overlapping occurrence and to increase awareness of the ship strike issue. While Cascadia strongly supports efforts to reduce - [Humpback whale that washed up near Ocean Shores was killed by an apparent ship strike](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/humpback-whale-washed-near-ocean-shores-was-killed-apparent-ship/) - An examination of a recently stranded humpback whale on the Washington outer coast revealed severe trauma consistent with ship strike. The 30 ½ foot yearling female came ashore on 26 July 2020 in Ocean Shores and was necropsied the following day by Cascadia Research and SR3. The animal was in good nutritional condition, with internal - [Successful disentanglement of a gray whale on 24 April 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/successful-disentanglement-gray-whale-24-april-2020/) - An adult gray whale entangled in Dungeness crab line and gear was successfully freed off Port Angeles on Friday, 24 April 2020. The whale was originally reported that morning by personnel with the Washington Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) who then stood by the whale along with officers from WDFW, until a rescue team could - [“Sounder” gray whales continue to feed on ghost shrimp and improve body condition](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/sounder-gray-whales/) - Cascadia has continued documenting the presence and behavior of the group of about a dozen “Sounder” gray whales that feed around Whidbey and Camano Islands each spring. This year the project has a new element assessing the body condition of these whales during what has been declared an Unusual Mortality Event (see our STRANDINGS update ) being conducted - [Update on gray whale strandings in Washington – 15 April 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/update-gray-whale-strandings-washington-15-april-2020/) - After a record number of gray whale mortalities in WA in 2019 during the ongoing Unusual Mortality Event (UME), Cascadia and other stranding network members are keeping a particularly close eye on the number of strandings and their causes this year. So far, three dead gray whales have been recorded in WA in 2020—necropsies were - [All regular Sounder gray whales documented this season as study of their body condition begins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/all-regular-sounder-gray/) - Above is an ID photo of CRC-723 which is also the same whale on the left hand side of the two aerial photos (notice the two white spots on the right flank). Photo taken by John Calambokidis. Research conducted under NMFS permit 21678. All regular 11 “Sounder” gray whales have now been documented having returned to Northern - [Large whales and ships: Ship strike research and mitigation efforts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/large-whales-and/) - Ships and Large Whales: Below contains news reports, articles, journal publications on the ship strike issue. Recent News Articles Chris Baraniuk's article in the Vancouver, BC, Hakai Magazine's article highlights Cascadia's publication of a ships near miss of a blue whale. (March 11, 2020) The environmental nonprofit organization, Center for Biological Diversity, filed a "notice of - [6th Sounder Seen: 531 is in the area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/6th-sounder-seen-531-area/) - 6th Sounder Seen: 531 Is Here! March 8, 2020 Cascadia's John Calambokidis and student intern Kira Telford went out with Island Adventures Whale Watching in Everett, Washington for their first of the season gray whale trips. Despite some squally weather they had a very successful trip that included gray whales and eagles. This trip, CRC-531 (see John's photo - [Gray whales return to Puget Sound early](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whales-return-puget-sound-early/) - At least four of the regular “Sounders” gray whales have shown up near Whidbey Island in recent days, earlier than normal. Their return had been of particular interest given the gray whale Unusual Mortality Event (UME) that started last year and resulted in 34 strandings of dead gray whales in Washington State alone. This event - [Ship Strikes Killing Whales Despite Govt. Program to Slow Down Vessels](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/ship-strikes-killing-whales-despite-govt-program-slow-down-vessels-0/) - Photo: Kiirsten Flynn: Cascadia Research Collective NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit looked into whether or not the 5-year government initiative to slow down vessels coming into San Francisco Bay was successful in mitigating ship strikes. Please click on this link to watch the 7 min show and read the article. Cascadia's work on this issue - [UC Santa Cruz Magazine highlights Nature publication](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/uc-santa-cruz-magazine-highlights-nature-publication/) - An article in the UC Santa Cruz magazine highlights the recently published article in Nature of which one of the co-authors is John Calambokidis. The study looks at the rise of humpback whale entanglements on the west coast during the marine heat wave. - [LA Times Article on gray whale migration and the UME](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/la-times-article-gray-whale-migration-and-ume/) - Please visit the following link for a Los Angeles Times article today on gray whale migration and the status of the gray whale Unusual Mortality Event (UME). - [Common dolphin dubbed “Big Back Notch” found dead in Olympia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/common-dolphin-dubbed-big-back-notch-found-dead-olympia/) - One of the most distinctive individuals of a small group of common dolphins in the southern Puget Sound was found dead near Johnson Point in Olympia on 15 January 2020. The 7’7” adult male, named Big Back Notch due to the missing piece on the trailing edge of its dorsal fin, was first documented in - [An underwater sound system in the Santa Barbara Channel was deployed in Aug 2019 in hopes to help mitigate ship strikes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/underwater-sound/) - Please read about this exciting project planned to launch in early 2020 in an article in the LA Times about an underwater sound source deployed in the Santa Barbara Channel in hopes to prevent ships running into whales. Cascadia's research on the ship strike issue and mitigation helped inform this project. - [Spring 2019 Gray Whale Surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/spring-2019-gray-whale-surveys-2/) - Please click here for a report on the 2019 gray whale surveys conducted by Cascadia Research. - [2019 Fall Phase of Tagless BPRS Wraps up](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/2019-fall-phase-tagless-bprs/) - Researchers with Casadia Research including John Calambokidis, James Fahlbusch, Alexandra Vanderzee, David Anderson, Kiirsten Flynn, and Lisa Hildebrand joined up with Southall Environmental Associates, Inc.(SEA), NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, SR3, KELP Marine Research and the crew of the Magician for the Fall 2019 Phase of the study. This team is investigating the behavioral and physiological responses of dolphins to controlled experimental exposure to simulated - [Presentation on return of humpbacks to the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/presentation-return-humpbacks-salish-sea/) - July 16, 2019 Kiirsten Flynn research biologist with Cascadia Research will talk about the return of humpback whales to the Salish Sea. Once numerous in these waters, commercial whaling decimated the population very quickly. Cascadia has been monitoring the resurgence of whale abundance for the past ten years. Learn about the research techniques used and - [Blue whale off Los Angeles yields surprising insights](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/blue-whale-los/) - Blue whale off Los Angeles yields surprising insights. (July 2019) - [July 2019 time lapse video of gray whale necropsy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/july-2019-time-lapse-video-gray-whale-necropsy/) - Time lapse video of emaciated gray whale in Southern Puget Sound 7 July 2019. As a part of the Northwest Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Cascadia is active in responding to strandings of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Cascadia collaborates with National Marine Fisheries Service and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in stranding response and examination of stranded animals. Support - [Cascadia Continues to Investigate Record Number of Strandings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/cascadia-continues-investigate-record-number-strandings/) - Cascadia has been heavily involved in responding to gray whale strandings ​in 2019 and this mortality was recently declared an Unusual Mortality Event by NOAA. We have had over 30 strandings of gray whales in Washington state so far in 2019 (through early June). This is well above our average of 6 gray whale strandings per - [Spring 2019 Gray Whale Surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/spring-2019-gray-whale-surveys/) - Cascadia has completed several dedicated surveys for gray whales so far in 2019 and put observers on whale watch boats operated by Island Adventures. These have documented an unusually high number of gray whales. This has included documenting that all of the known Sounders have returned this year (see chart) and have generally arrived earlier - [Cascadia and other Washington stranding network organizations continue to respond to growing number of dead gray whales along our coast and inside waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/cascadia-and-other-washington-stranding-network-organizations/) - Cascadia and other Washington stranding network organizations continue to respond to growing number of dead gray whales along our coast and inside waters An examination of a dead gray whale was conducted on 9 May 2019 by Cascadia Research, WDFW, and World Vets which revealed the whale was an adult 42-feet female gray whale. Cause - [Examination of dead gray whale found in the Elliot Bay revealed signs of nutritional stress](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-gray-whale-found-elliot-bay-revealed-signs/) - Examination of dead gray whale found in the Elliot Bay revealed signs of nutritional stress (April 15, 2019) An examination of a dead gray whale originally reported floating in Elliot Bay revealed evidence of malnutrition. On 15 April 2019 an adult gray whale was examined by Cascadia Research, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, World - [John Calambokidis Awarded Leadership in Conservation Award](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/john-calambokidis-awarded-leadership-conservation-award/) - On February 28, 2019 John Calambokidis was award the Washington Chapter of The Wildlife Society's Leadership in Conservation Award. John became interested in conservation and environmentalism while in high school and there started a neighborhood recycling program in the early 1970s where he and a friend would do curbside recycling pickups in their neighborhood. He became - [Examination of dead gray whale in Longbranch reveals malnutrition and previous killer whale attack (February 25, 2019)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-gray-whale-longbranch-reveals-malnutrition-and/) - Examination of dead gray whale in Longbranch, Washington reveals malnutrition and previous killer whale attack An examination of a dead whale from southern Puget Sound revealed it had stranded alive but was emaciated and had experienced an attack by killer whales in recent months. On 25 February 2019 a small gray whale that was found - [Ecotype of recently stranded killer whale calf determined from genetic sample](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/ecotype-recently-stranded-killer-whale-calf-determined-genetic/) - Genetic samples from a dead stranded killer whale calf examined by Cascadia Research and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in Ocean Shores on July 1, 2018 have been analyzed by researchers at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. It has been determined that this calf was a member of the Bigg’s killer whale (transient) population. Unlike - [Humpback whale found dead near Ocean Shores on 19 May 2018 likely died as a result of entanglement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/humpback-whale-found-dead-near-ocean-shores-19-may-2018-likely/) - A dead humpback whale was first reported floating on 17 May 2018 off Ocean Shores (photographed by the US Coast Guard) and came ashore late on 19 May 2018 near where it was initially reported. A team lead by Cascadia Research Collective with other members of the Northwest Marine Mammal Stranding Network, including SR3, examined - [Update on recent gray whale entanglement response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/update-recent-gray-whale-entanglement-response/) - On the 8th and 9th of May 2018, Cascadia Research and SR3 responded to an entangled juvenile gray whale offshore from La Push, Washington. Working with support from NOAA and the U.S. Coast Guard, the team was was able to free the whale from some of the lines entangling it and limiting its movements. However, this animal was in - [Gray whale sightings in southern Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/washington-state-north-puget-sound-gray-whale-photo-id-and-feeding-study-cascadia-research-studies-0/) - Cascadia has been tracking the movements of several gray whales sighted in recent weeks (the most recent the morning of 14 May 2018 near Olympia) in southern Puget Sound (see photos). There have been several indications this year may be a year with elevated gray whale mortality and potentially more whales being in poor body - [Deceased female gray whale examined on Whidbey Island](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/deceased-female-gray-whale-examined-whidbey-island/) - A young female gray whale that was first reported dead on the west side of Whidbey Island on Tuesday 3 April 2018 was examined today (5 April) by a team that included responders from Cascadia Research, SR3, Central Puget Sound Stranding Network, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. The whale was just under 30 feet long and determined to - [Second Puget Sound bottlenose dolphin from the coastal California stock identified](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/second-puget-sound-bottlenose-dolphin-coastal-california-stock-identified/) - Another bottlenose dolphin has been identified from the group that first appeared in the Puget Sound in September, 2017. A single dolphin was observed on March 9, 2018 in Central Puget Sound off Tacoma, where several people sent in sighting reports and pictures to Orca Network, who forwarded them to Cascadia Research. As with the - [Puget Sound bottlenose dolphin identified as part of California coastal population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/puget-sound-bottlenose-dolphin-identified-part-california-coastal-population/) - A group of bottlenose dolphins have been seen in Puget Sound since September, 2017. This is quite an unusual occurrence because bottlenose dolphins tend to live in warmer temperate and tropical waters and are not usually found in the colder waters of Puget Sound. With the help of members of the public, and dolphin researchers - [Fall phase of tagless BRS project begins off Catalina Island](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/fall-phase-tagless-brs-project-begins-catalina-island/) - Fall 2017 Cascadia Research is working with SEA (Southall Environmental Associates, Inc), KELP Marine Research, NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center and the crew of the M/V Magician on the Fall Phase of the Tagless-BRS study. This study is integrating several platforms to look at the basic behavior and response of several dolphin species to noise. Cascadia personnel involved in this - [Updates from our 2018 West Coast humpback whale survey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/updates/) - July 3rd 2018 Today was the first day of our small boat effort covering the entire US West Coast from the US-Canada border to S California in collaboration with Southwest Fisheries Science Center. We (John Calambokidis and James Fahlbusch) covered about 70 nmi working from Port Angeles in one of Cascadia’s RHIBs (Ziphid) and encountered - [Another young gray whale found dead on Washington coast and examined 24 May 2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/another-young-gray-whale-found-dead-washington-coast/) - On 24 May 2017, Cascadia Research examined a young gray whale that was found dead on the Washington outer coast near Westport. The 30' 10" (940 cm) female was in good body condition, with moderately oily blubber and food material in the GI tract. There was evidence of traumatic injury, including bruising on the chest area - [“Sounders”, the local gray whales that feed in northern Puget Sound each spring, staying longer than usual and update on boat-struck gray whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/sounders-update/) - The regular gray whales that feed each spring around Whidbey and Camano Island (called the Sounders) have stayed longer this year than other recent years. A survey conducted by Cascadia Research (with assistance from SR3) on 12 May identified five different known individuals (IDs 21, 22, 49, 383, and 723) still present in the - [Gray whale found dead in Bellingham Bay was older female not known from this region](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-found-dead-bellingham-bay/) - A gray whale found dead floating in Bellingham Bay on 10 May and examined on 12 May was an older female in poor body condition. The gray whale, a 42-foot mature female, was first reported on 10 May in Bellingham Bay and was towed to a necropsy site on the same day by WDFW - [Examination of fin whale reveals it was killed by collision with ship](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-fin-whale-reveals-it-was-killed-collision-ship/) - The examination of a fin whale conducted on 13 May revealed it was a young juvenile male struck by the ship while apparently feeding and appeared otherwise healthy. On the morning of 12 May, a shipping vessel reported a whale that had dislodged from their bow as they came into the Tacoma area. The 52-foot juvenile male - [Examination of entangled gray whale reveals it was a calf that died as a result of the entanglement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-entangled-gray-whale-may-4/) - An examination of a dead gray whale found entangled in crab gear off S Washington was completed late on Thursday, 4 May 2017 on a remote island at the mouth of the Columbia River. While the final examination was led by biologists with Cascadia Research, multiple organizations played key roles in the discovery, disentangling, - [Whale in vessel collision on 23 April 2017 identified](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/whale-vessel-collision/) - For more information, contact John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research. Email: calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org. 360-280-8349 The gray whale that was hit by the boat off Whidbey Island on 23 April 2017 has been likely confirmed by Cascadia Research as CRC-22. This whale is known as Earhart because she is a known female and is one of the very - [New film: Protecting Blue Whales and Blue Skies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/new-film-protecting-blue-whales-and-blue-skies/) - A short film from the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District features an interview with John Calambokidis on ship strikes in the Santa Barbara Channel and the Vessel Speed Reduction program. For more information visit their web page. - [Results from examination of dead humpback whale in Southern Puget Sound, March 29, 2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/results-examination-dead-humpback-whale-southern-puget-sound/) - Yesterday (March 29th) Cascadia Research and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Mammal Investigations, with assistance from SR3 and the MaST Center examined the humpback whale that was found dead in Southern Puget Sound on Tuesday. The 29 1/2 foot yearling female is confirmed to be the same individual sighted live in Hammersley Inlet on the 25th and - [ONR Marine Mammal and Biology Program Review](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/onr-marine-mammal-and-biology-program-review/) - John Calambokidis spoke Monday March 20th, 2017 at the Office of Naval Research (ONR) annual program review on the topic of behavioral and physiological responses of baleen whales to ships and ship noise. Download the Program Review Abstract Book - [Examination of dead humpback whale - Bremerton, 4 June 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-humpback-whale-bremerton-4-june-2016/) - An examination of the humpback whale that was found dead Wednesday morning (1 June 2016) at the Navy Shipyard in Bremerton was conducted on 4 June by Cascadia Research Collective, WDFW, and NOAA (with assistance from MAST and the Navy). The examination did not reveal a clear cause of death to this subadult female that - [Tag deployments off central California - May 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/tag-deployments-central-california-may-2016/) - On 22 and 23 May 2016, Cascadia deployed six dart-attached archival tags on humpback and blue whales off the Bay area to examine whale diving behavior and movements and test a new medium duration acoustic tag design. These were also strategically deployed to gather information important for better understanding and addressing the impacts of ship - [Recovery and examination of Puget Sound gray whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/recovery-and-examination-puget-sound-gray-whale/) - The long and tragic saga of an injured and now dead gray whale that has been in Puget Sound for almost a month has almost come to an end with the completion of the necropsy and exam on 12 May 2016. Tracking, evaluation, and now examination of this whale has involved the help of numerous - [Updates on dead whale seen spotted off Vashon (Ballard Locks whale) on 18 April 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/updates-dead-whale-seen-spotted-vashon-ballard-locks-whale-18-april-2016/) - Updates on dead whale seen spotted off Vashon on 18 April 2016 (in chronological order see bottom for latest) This whale was first reported on 18 April 2016 floating dead off the W side of Vashon Island. It is one of several gray whales in Puget Sound currently including another smaller animal sighted the same - [SOCAL-14 Project Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-14-project-report-27/) - During the fourth year of the project, 14 marine mammal species were observed, photographed and/or tracked and tags were deployed on animals of four different species (fin whale, Risso’s dolphin, and blue whale). We successfully conducted several controlled exposure experiments from smaller vessels and planned to work with Navy vessels engaged in training operations with - [SOCAL-15 Project Summary](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-15-project-summary/) - As in previous years, the focus of SOCAL-15 was to study behavior and response of various marine mammal species to controlled sound exposure. With increased focus on smaller vessel configurations, the objective was to gather data on diving, foraging, social and vocal behavior of focal species in a realistic exposure situation. Download the SOCAL-15 summary and - [Results of examination of dead gray whale in Seattle (January, 2015)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/results-examination-dead-gray-whale-seattle-january-2015/) - The examination of a dead gray whale on 24 January 2015 reveals it was killed by ship's propeller. The gray whale found late on 21 January 2015 under Pier 52 was examined on 24 January by biologists from Cascadia Research, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Seattle Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Seattle Seal Sitters, and other stranding - [Cascadia team saves entangled humpback whale (May, 2014)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/cascadia-team-saves-entangled-humpback-whale-may-2014/) - Successful humpback whale disentanglement on 6 May 2014 off Grays Harbor, WA John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research, Olympia, WA 98501. Phone 360-943-7325 ext 104 email: calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org On 6 May 2014 Cascadia personnel assisted by the Coast Guard and with NMFS support successfully disentangled a humpback whale that was almost completely immobilized by entanglement in crab pot - [Final Report Released for GOALS II](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/final-report-released-goals-ii-13/) - The final report for the GOALS II project, Report For The Gulf Of Alaska Line-Transect Survey (GOALS) II: Marine Mammal Occurrence in the Temporary Maritime Activities Area (TMAA), was published in April 2014 and is available from the US Navy Marine Species Monitoring web site. - [SOCAL-13 Project Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-13-project-report-24/) - Opportunities for tracking and observing marine mammals were coordinated with Navy training operations during the fourth year of this research project. This enabled the first-ever use of full-scale operational Navy midfrequency active (MFA) sonar systems in the context of a controlled experimental context while taking careful precautions to avoid harming marine mammals. Four distinct operational phases were - [Publication available on trace elements in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/publication-available-trace-elements-puget-sound-harbor/) - "Age, region, and temporal patterns of trace elements in stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from Washington inland waters" was published in the journal Northwest Naturalist in 2014. Click here to download the article. - [Ocean Mysteries TV episode features Cascadia and SOCAL-BRS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/ocean-mysteries-tv-episode-features-cascadia-and-socal-brs/) - The Ocean Mysteries TV show featured Cascadia and SOCAL-BRS on an episode called "Whale Sounds" (season 3, episode 14, Feb 15, 2014). Our field work with whales, Navy sonar, and ship strikes are highlighted in this program. The full episode is available on Hulu and a trailer is available below or on YouTube. - [Pinniped stranding response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/pinniped-stranding-response/) - Cascadia has responded to 182 pinniped strandings from 2003 to 2006 (Table 1) and assisted in another 52 examinations of pinnipeds conducted by WDFW (Table 2) in Washington State involving five species of pinnipeds. Both gross examinations of animals at necropsy combined with histological examination of tissues (conducted by Dr. Stephen Raverty of the Animal - [Publication available on contaminant trends in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/publication-available-contaminant-trends-puget/) - "Declining concentrations of persistent PCBs, PBDEs, PCDEs, and PCNs in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Salish Sea" was published in the journal Progress in Oceanography in 2013. Click here to download the article. - [GOALS II (2013 Gulf of Alaska Line Transect Survey)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/goals-ii-2013-gulf-alaska-line-transect-survey-8/) - The GOALS II cruise through 2 July 2013 indicated a very successful survey with 268 visual sightings of marine mammals including a wide variety of species including blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, minke whale, Baird's beaked whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, and killer whales. A blue whale and Baird's beaked whale were satellite tagged on - [Dead fin whale at Ocean City likely killed by a ship strike (June, 2013)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/dead-fin-whale-ocean-city-likely-killed-ship-strike-june-2013/) - Biologists from Cascadia Research and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife conducted an examination of a dead fin whale at Ocean City, WA on 13 June 2013. The whale had washed up the previous evening but the species was not determined until the detailed external and internal examination. The animal was moderately decomposed with - [New Developments Dealing with Ship Strikes of Whales Off the U.S. West Coast - published in Spyhopper](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/new-developments-dealing-ship-strikes-whales-us-west-coast/) - John Calambokidis published an update to his 2011 article in the American Cetacean Society Spyhopper newsletter. This article, New Developments on Ship Strikes and Whales (June 2013), describes the changes to the shipping lanes near San Francisco and Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbors that became effective on June 1, 2013. The shifts in shipping lanes are - [Alterations in shipping lanes to protect whales off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/alterations-shipping-lanes-protect-whales-california/) - Two articles were published on May 31, 2013 that describe changes enacted to alter the routes of shipping lanes near the ports of San Francisco and Los Angeles. The new routes are designed to move ships away from areas that are frequented by whales in order to reduce the likelihood of collisions between ships and - [Dead fin whale found near Burien had been struck by ship (April, 2013)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/dead-fin-whale-found-near-burien-had-been-struck-ship-april-2013/) - A dead adult fin whale was reported floating on the morning of 13 April 2013 in Puget Sound off Burien and washed up later that morning at Seahurst Park. An examination was conducted by personnel with Cascadia Research, Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, and MAST Center of Highline Community College with coordination from National - [SOCAL-12 Project Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-12-project-report-21/) - Offshore and more challenging species were a focus of the third year of the SOCAL-BRS (Southern California Behavioral Response Study) project. 16 marine mammal species were observed, photographed and/or tracked and 20 individual animals of nine different marine mammal species were tagged this year, including a Baird's beaked whale. Download the full report, Biological and Behavioral Response Studies of Marine - [Journal Article Published: Assessing the risk of ships striking large whales in marine spatial planning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/journal-article-published-assessing-risk-ships-striking-large/) - Citation: J. V. Redfern, M. F. Mckenna, T. J. Moore, J. Calambokidis, M. L. Deangelis, E. A. Becker, J. Barlow, K. A. Forney, P. C. Fiedler, and S. J. Chivers. 2013. Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales in Marine Spatial Planning. Conservation Biology 27 (2):292-302. doi : 10.1111/cobi.12029 Abstract: Marine spatial planning provides - [Whales to Get Wider Berth from San Francisco Bay Ships - Associated Press Article](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/whales-get-wider-berth-san-francisco-bay-ships-associated-press/) - This Associated Press article features a Joint Working Group proposal to reduce ship strikes off San Francisco. A real time whale monitoring network would be established which would enabale sailors to alert each other about whale sightings and shipping lanes would be rerouted to try to minimize impact with whales near San Francisco Bay. - [New York Times article on increasing threat of ship strikes to blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/new-york-times-article-increasing-threat-ship-strikes-blue-whales/) - The New York Times article, Growing Ship Traffic Threatens Blue Whales, describes the increasing threat of ship strikes to blue whales in the US and in the emerging whale watching industry in Sri Lanka. A video featuring the work of researcher Asha de Vos and the Sri Lankan Blue Whale Project is included at the top - [Examination of dead gray whale found floating in Saratoga Passage, Whidbey Island (April, 2012)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-gray-whale-found-floating-saratoga-passage-whidbey/) - On the morning of 22 April 2012, a researcher from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory sighted a dead floating gray whale off the west side of Camano Island. The Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network (CPSMMN) arranged for the 37 foot subadult male to be towed to a secured location by Deception Pass Tours - [Stranding of one of the long-beaked common dolphins in Puget Sound (March, 2012)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/stranding-one-long-beaked-common-dolphins-puget-sound-march-2012/) - Another rare visitor to Southern Puget Sound found dead: Long-beaked common dolphin stranded in South Puget Sound, 28 March, 2012 A 1.8m (5.9 foot) juvenile female long-beaked common dolphin, a species not usually seen north of central California, was found dead in Little Skookum Inlet near Shelton, WA on the afternoon of 28 March. The animal - [SOCAL-11 Project Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-11-project-report-20/) - During the second year of the study, the sample size of blue whales and Risso's dolphins increased considerably. Researchers observed, photographed and/or tracked marine mammals from 18 different species and tagged 35 individual animals from 4 different species. Preliminary results indicate variable responses (ranging from no observable response to apparent temporary avoidance behavior), depending on species, type of - [Examination of dead killer whale on Long Beach Peninsula (February, 2012)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-killer-whale-long-beach-peninsula-february-2012/) - Examination of dead killer whale on Long Beach Peninsula, February 12, 2012 Prepared by Jessie Huggins (Cascadia Research), Deb Duffield (Portland State University) and Dyanna Lambourn (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife) A detailed external and internal examination was conducted on February 12, 2012 of a stranded killer whale that washed up just north of Long - [Sightings of Risso's dolphins in southern Puget Sound - 30 December 2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/sightings-rissos-dolphins-southern-puget-sound-30-december-2011/) - Kim Merriman reported a sighting to Cascadia of some unidentified dolphin/whales at the entrance to Eld Inlet on 30 December 2011. She was able to obtain some distant photographs of the animals, two of which are shown below. These were identified as likely juvenile Risso's dolphins by John Calambokidis at Cascadia. Risso's dolphins are fairly - [Record number of Blue Whales Sighted Off Washington Coast (December, 2011)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/record-number-blue-whales-sighted-washington-coast-december-2011/) - On 8 December 2011, six blue whales were sighted feeding off the Washington coast intermixed with humpback and fin whales. Blue whales are the largest animal that has ever lived and still endangered due to whaling. This is the most blue whales we know of ever being sighted off Washington and only the third confirmed - [Summary of ship strike related research on blue whales in Southern California, 2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/summary-ship-strike-related-research-blue-whales-southern/) - Research was conducted during 2011 related to potential impacts of ship strikes on blue whales off California. This work is a collaborative effort by Cascadia Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS). Support for this work came from the Office of Naval Research and CINMS. The primary goals of this work - [Study on baleen whale feeding published.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/study-baleen-whale-feeding-published-32/) - Goldbogen, J.A., J. Calambokidis, D.A. Croll, M.F. McKenna, E. Oleson, J. Potvin, N.D. Pyenson, G. Schorr, R.E. Shadwick, and B.R. Tershy. 2011. Scaling of lunge-feeding performance in rorqual whales: mass-specific energy expenditure increases with body size and progressively limits diving capacity. Functional Ecology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01905.x This study examined the effect of body size on feeding - [LA Times story on Cascadia and blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/la-times-story-cascadia-and-blue-whales-31/) - The article, Blue Whales Dine in Treacherous Waters off L.A.'s Coast, written by Tony Barboza of the Los Angeles Times, describes the busy ship traffic off the coast of L.A and the risk of ships colliding with whales. A large patch of krill was present in these waters in fall of 2011 and blue whales were quite attracted to the - [Gray whale stranding in Bremerton (July, 2011)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-stranding-bremerton-july-2011/) - A gray whale came ashore alive on a private beach in Bremerton on the morning of 27 July 2011. The 30-ft subadult whale died shortly after the initial stranding. Biologists from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Cascadia Research conducted an initial exam before the tide came in and covered the whale. The whale - [Ship Strikes of Whales Off the U.S. West Coast - article published in the American Cetacean Society Spyhopper newsletter.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/ship-strikes-whales-us-west-coast-article-published-american/) - John Calambokidis summarizes the issue of ship strikes on blue, fin, and humpback whales off the US West Coast (especially Southern California), describes the magnitude of the problem, and outlines potential solutions. - [Long-beaked common dolphins in Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/long-beaked-common-dolphins-puget-sound/) - Over the past 18 months south Puget Sound has had some very unusual marine visitors from the tropical waters of southern California and Mexico, the most recent being long-beaked common dolphins. Since 2 June there have been reports of 1-2 dolphins swimming, feeding, and approaching boats along the stretch of shore from Boston Harbor to - [SOCAL-10 Project Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/socal-10-project-report-16/) - A report on the behavioral responses of whales to playback of sonar sounds was released in Feburary, 2011. The SOCAL‐10 project is the first phase of a 5 year scientific research project intended to provide a better understanding of marine mammal behavior to human sound, particularly military sonar, and to provide direct scientific data for the - [Bottlenose dolphin stranding in Puget Sound (February, 2011)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/bottlenose-dolphin-stranding-puget-sound-february-2011/) - Sightings and recent stranding of an unusual dolphin species in Southern Puget Sound, December 2010 to February 2011 A bottlenose dolphin, a very rare species to this region (only fourth occurrence documented, see below), was sighted multiple times in southern Puget Sound in December and January before stranding and dying on the Nisqually Delta sometime on - [Injured Bryde's whale in south Puget Sound (December, 2010)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/injured-brydes-whale-south-puget-sound-december-2010/) - In late November of 2010, repeated sightings of an injured whale were reported in south Puget Sound. It turned out to be an extremely unusual animal to find in these waters - a Bryde's whale, which is a tropical species typically not seen in the eastern North Pacific north of Mexico or southern California. The - [Humpback whale disentanglement efforts (14 May 2010)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/humpback-whale-disentanglement-efforts-14-may-2010/) - Efforts to free entangled humpback whale of Washington Update through 14 May 2010 Surveys conducted on 14 May 2010 by Cascadia Research, Makah Fisheries, and the US Coast Guard in cooperation with NOAA Fisheries did not locate the entangled whale or detect a signal from the VHF radio transmitter that had been attached to one - [Examination of gray whale from west Seattle reveals unusual stomach contents but no definitive cause of death (April, 2010)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-gray-whale-west-seattle-reveals-unusual-stomach-contents-no/) - Examination of gray whale from west Seattle reveals unusual stomach contents but no definitive cause of death For more information on this whale contact: John Calambokidis or Jessie Huggins, Cascadia Research, Tel 360-943-7325 Kristin Wilkinson, NOAA Fisheries, Tel. 206-526-4747 A whale that stranded in West Seattle last week (14 April 2010) was towed to a - [Gray whale deaths (April, 2010)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-deaths-april-2010/) - By John Calambokidis and Jessie Huggins, Cascadia Research Four gray whales have died in Puget Sound in the last two weeks raising the concern of researchers than monitor gray whales and the health of marine mammals in the region. The total number remains well below the peak numbers documented in big mortality year and the 5 - [Rare whale strands in Puget Sound (January, 2010)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/rare-whale-strands-puget-sound-january-2010/) - A highly unusual stranding of a tropical Bryde's whale occurred in southern Puget Sound this week and an examination was conducted by Cascadia Research, WDFW, and NOAA. The whale was first reported floating dead on Saturday, 16 January 2010 and temporarily came ashore in a couple of locations in southern Puget Sound over the next - [Killer whale field update September 2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/killer-whale-field-update-september-2009/) - Cascadia Research has been collaborating with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA Fisheries, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, to examine aspects of the diet of fish-eating "southern resident" killer whales, and to study sub-surface behavior of mammal-eating "transient" killer whales. For the last five years we've spent ~4-5 weeks per year based out of - [Examination of a dead fin whale found at the Port of Tacoma (August, 2009)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-dead-fin-whale-found-port-tacoma-august-2009/) - Prepared by Jessie Huggins, Cascadia Research and Dyanna Lambourn, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife A whale that was recently found at the Port of the Tacoma was determined to be a young fin whale and was the apparent victim of a ship strike based on the examination of the animals. The 46-foot fin whale - [Examination of two dead gray whales in northern Puget Sound on 28 and 29 April, 2009 reveals possible traumatic injuries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/examination-two-dead-gray-whales-northern-puget-sound-28-and-29-april/) - Summary by John Calambokidis and Jessie Huggins, Cascadia Research in consultation with Central Puget Sound Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Whatcom Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries Service Two gray whales were found dead in northern Puget Sound in the past week and have been examined in the - [Blue Whale Sighted Off Washington Outer Coast (January, 2009)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/blue-whale-sighted-washington-outer-coast-january-2009/) - Cascadia Research conducts monthly surveys for marine mammals off the Washington outer coast as part of a collaborative project with Scripps Institute of Oceanography. On January 13, 2009, during the course of one of our surveys, we encountered a blue whale in the vicinity of Grays Harbor Canyon. While we are still trying to track down - [Killer whale field update September 2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/killer-whale-field-update-september-2008/) - Cascadia Research has been collaborating with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA Fisheries, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, to examine aspects of the diet of fish-eating "southern resident" killer whales, and to study sub-surface behavior of mammal-eating "transient" killer whales. For the last four years we've spent ~4-5 weeks per year based out of - [Ship strikes of large whales in WA State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/ship-strikes-large-whales-wa-state/) - The following article, published in 2008, summarizes evidence of ship strikes in large whales found dead in Washington State. Please click on title for PDF of full article: Douglas, A.B., J. Calambokidis, S. Raverty, S.J. Jeffries, D.M. Lambourn, and S.A. Norman. 2008. Incidence of ship strikes of large whales in Washington state. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the - [Killer whale dorsal fin found at Twin Harbors State Park 22 May 2007](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/killer-whale-dorsal-fin-found-twin-harbors-state-park-22-may-2007/) - Prepared by Robin Baird, Cascadia Research, 218½ W 4th Ave., Olympia, WA 98501 Contact information: Tel. (360)943-7325, Email: rwbaird@cascadiaresearch.org A dorsal fin and part of the back of a killer whale cleanly cut off was found by park rangers at the Twin Harbors State Park, south of Westport, WA, on Tuesday May 22, 2007. Annie Douglas and - [Gray whale stranding at Johnson Pt., Olympia, WA (29 April 2007)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-stranding-johnson-pt-olympia-wa-29-april-2007/) - Prepared by John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research, 218½ W 4th Ave., Olympia, WA 98501 Contact information: Tel. (360)943-7325, Email: calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org A gray whale washed up on Johnson Pt on 29 April 2007 near Johnson Pt. and was subsequently towed to McNeil Island and examined there by scientists with Cascadia Research and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife on - [Humpback whale examination (6 October 2006)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/humpback-whale-examination-6-october-2006/) - Prepared by Cascadia Research, Olympia, WA An examination was conducted 6 October 2006 of a dead adult female humpback whale that washed ashore on the Long Beach Peninsula. The examination did not reveal the cause of death but additional tests will be conducted of the tissues collected. The whale was first spotted floating off the - [Minke whale stranding in south Puget Sound, Washington (August 25, 2006)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/minke-whale-stranding-south-puget-sound-washington-august-25-2006/) - Information release prepared by Cascadia Research. For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org Cascadia Research received a report on the afternoon of August 23, 2006 of a live stranded whale in Little Skookum Inlet, in the south end of Puget Sound, near Shelton, Washington. Local residents had seen the whale swimming in - [Preliminary results of examination of fin whale conducted 16 May 2006, Lummi Nation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/preliminary-results-examination-fin-whale-conducted-16-may-2006-lummi-nation/) - Prepared by John Calambokidis, Research Biologist with Cascadia Research Email: calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org, Phone 360-943-7325 Examination of a dead fin whale that washed up in Lummi Bay revealed that the animal had been struck while alive by a ship and this had been the cause of death. The whale was initially reported drifting south off the Lummi Nation - [Gray whale stranding near Steilacoom – CRC-641 (July 28, 2005)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-stranding-near-steilacoom-crc-641-july-28-2005/) - A young gray whale was found dead in southern Puget Sound on 24 July and an exam completed on 26 July. This represents the 10th gray whale stranding in Washington State this year. This report provides some of the background and details of this stranding. On 23 July 2005 a boater spotted a dead whale trapped - [Preliminary report on gray whale stranding in Bremerton (May, 2005)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/preliminary-report-gray-whale-stranding-bremerton-may-2005/) - The gray whale stranded and died at the Kitsap Naval Base in Bremerton in the early morning hours of 4 May 2005 was a 30’ juvenile female that appeared to have died from starvation. An extensive examination of the animal was conducted on the morning of 5 May 2005 by biologists and veterinarians with Cascadia - [Update on gray whale strandings and sightings (April, 2005)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/update-gray-whale-strandings-and-sightings-april-2005/) - The last two weeks has seen a large number of sightings of gray whales in Puget Sound waters as well as the first two gray whale strandings of the year in Washington State. The most recent stranding occurred near Grayland on the outer coast of Washington between Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay. On the afternoon - [Gray whale stranding, Whidbey Island (April, 2005)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/gray-whale-stranding-whidbey-island-april-2005/) - On 18 April 2005 at about 2:30 PM Cascadia Research was notified of a dead floating gray whale near Sandy Point on the east side of Whidbey Island. Two researchers with Cascadia who were conducting a survey for gray whales in the area were able to be on scene within a half-hour. The whale was - [BIOLOGISTS FREE ENTANGLED GRAY WHALE IN PUGET SOUND](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/biologists-free-entangled-gray-whale-puget-sound/) - For more information contact: John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research, Phone: 360-943-7325 Biologists from Cascadia Research, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and National Marine Fisheries Service managed to cut-free lines and float from a juvenile gray whale Sunday in northern Puget Sound. The juvenile gray whale was estimated at 25-30’ and had been sighted in recent - [Report concerning contaminants in Puget sound harbor seals available](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/report-concerning-contaminants-puget-sound/) - Final Report: Temporal Trends in Contaminants in Puget Sound Harbor Seals was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team in December of 1999. Click here to download the report. - [DRAMATIC RESCUE FREES WHALE IN HOOD CANAL](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_article/dramatic-rescue-frees-whale-hood-canal/) - A gray whale entangled in net, ropes, and an anchor for almost a week in Hood Canal was successfully freed by biologist at 1:20 PM on Sunday, 21 November 1994. Working for two days, biologists with Cascadia Research, National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, used improvised tools and a ## Project pages - [The Sounders (NPS gray whales)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/sounders_names/) - The North Puget Sound gray whales, also known as the "Sounders," represent roughly a dozen individual whales, part of the larger population of the Eastern North Pacific gray whales. They are also sometimes referred to as the Puget Sound Regulars or the Saratoga Grays. During their northern migration from Baja California, these individuals break off of the - [PCFG Catalog](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/pcfg_catalog/) - [SPLASH ACTIVITY ANSWERS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-7/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Activity 1: Splash in Questions Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs Activity 3: Mark and Recapture Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth - [SPLASH QUESTIONS: Activity 5](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-6/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Whale Tails - Photo ID Simulation - Photos by Cascadia Research Suppose the following whales were seen off the Maui Coast - [SPLASH QUESTIONS: Activity 4](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-5/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Humpback Whale Population Projections Assume that the North Pacific humpback whale population was 20,000 animals in 2006. Also, assume that - [SPLASH QUESTIONS: Activity 3](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-4/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Mark and Recapture 101 - Cascadia Research In this activity, you will calculate the population size of a certain area - [SPLASH QUESTIONS: Activity 2](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-3/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Interpreting the Graphs Graphs are an important tool that scientists use to illustrate their data. In the following activity, you - [SPLASH QUESTIONS: Activity 1](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-2/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers 1. How many square miles are in the North Pacific Basin? __________________________ 2. What were four goals of the SPLASH - [Population Estimates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/population/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers All whaling in the United States ended in 1972, when a whaling moratorium was passed. In 1978, whale biologists estimated - [Summer Feeding Areas, Winter Feeding Areas and Migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/summer/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Wintering Areas In general, humpbacks travel to sub-tropical areas during the winter to have their calves and mate. Four wintering - [Mark and Recapture and Biopsy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/mark-and/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Whale biologists used a number of methods to estimate the North Pacific humpback population. One of the methods was “mark - [Photo Identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/photo/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers In the the 1970’s, whale biologists on the east coast discovered that the underside of each humpback whale’s tail - [Methods 1](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/methods-1/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers SPLASH is considered to be the largest research effort of its kind and included the collaborative effort of 50 research - [Human Impact](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/human-impact/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Humpback whales face many human hazards during their yearly cycle: Migrating or sleeping whales are hit by ships; they get - [Submit your photos to the Hawai`i project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/submit-your-photos-hawaii-project/) - Photographs taken by whale watching or sports fishing charter operators, passengers on sightseeing or sportsfishing trips, and private individuals out boating have all contributed to helping understand the residency and movements of Hawaiian whales and dolphins. Contributions by Chris Bane, formerly of HoloHolo Charters off Kaua'i, Tori Cullins of the Wild Dolphin Foundation and Chuck Babbitt off O'ahu, and the Hawai'i Marine - [USING DATA/SAMPLES FROM STRANDED ANIMALS TO HELP UNDERSTAND WILD POPULATIONS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/using-datasamples-stranded-animals-help-understand-wild/) - With the cooperation of the NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office and Dr. Kristi West of Hawai‘i Pacific University we are also trying to use data and samples from stranded animals to help understand wild populations - information on the types of samples and data we are using can be found in the following pdf file: - [Using satellite tags to study movements and population structure of Hawaiian odontocetes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/using-satellite-tags-study-movements-and-population-structure-hawaiian/) - This project began as a collaborative study between Greg Schorr, Daniel Webster and Robin Baird of Cascadia Research, Brad Hanson of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Russ Andrews of the University of Alaska Fairbanks and Alaska SeaLife Center, Dan McSweeney of the Wild Whale Research Foundation, and Jay Barlow of the Southwest Fisheries - [Identifying Hawaiian cetacean species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/identifying-hawaiian-cetacean-species/) - There are a number of species of Hawaiian odontocetes that are difficult to distinguish in the field, and we have made up one-page sheets that include photographs and text that point out the key features to distinguish them. The purpose of these ID sheets is for folks to print out and carry in the field - [Links to full resolution photographs and video from whale disentanglement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/links-full-resolution-photographs-and-video-whale/) - All photos and videos below should be credited to "Cascadia Research, Olympia, WA". VIDEOS - Request from Cascadia PHOTOS Photos are shown below, right click on caption and "save target as:" to download full resolution photograph Humpback whale when initially encountered on 13 May 2010 showing rope around head (later cut off) and training floats. - [Introduction to SPLASH](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/introduction/) - Home Methods 1 | Photo Identification | Mark and Recapture Biopsy | Summer Feeding Areas, Wintering Grounds and Migration | Human Impact | Population Estimates Activity 1: Questions about SPLASH | Activity 2: Interpreting Graphs | Activity 3: Mark and Recapture | Activity 4: Estimating Humpback Population Growth | Activity 5: Whale Tails: Photo ID | Activity Answers Written by Larry Wade and Stephen Bolles based on information and materials provided by Cascadia Research and the SPLASH Project What - [SPLASH: Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance, and Status of Humpbacks Proposal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash/) - Need North Pacific humpback whale populations were thought to have been reduced from about 15,000 prior to commercial exploitation to just over 1,000 after whaling (Rice 1978, Gambel 1976, Johnson and Wolman 1984) and remain listed as endangered today. Data from photo-identification and genetics studies have provided some information on North Pacific stock structure, verifying - [SPLASH: Progress Report - Winter/breeding areas 2004](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-1/) - Sampling of humpback whale wintering areas has been conducted in four regions (Asia, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America). At the time of this progress report fieldwork was still underway in some regions but a majority has been completed. Funding for the effort in all areas except Hawaii is from a contract from NFMS to Cascadia - [SPLASH: Progress Report - Summer/feeding areas 2004](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/splash-0/) - 31 August 2004 Sampling of North Pacific humpback whales for the SPLASH research program continues into the second sampling season (summer feeding areas in 2004). Initial surveys were completed in winter 2004 on breeding grounds in Asia, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America and photographs and data from that effort are being compiled and compared. Sampling - [New publications on underwater behavior of blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/new-publications-underwater-behavior-blue-whales/) - The article below summarizing the underwater behavior of blue whales from suction-cup attached Crittercams was recently published: Calambokidis, J., G.S. Schorr, G.H. Steiger, J. Francis, M. Bakhtiari, G. Marshall, E. Oleson, D. Gendron and K. Robertson. 2008. Insights into the underwater diving, feeding, and calling behavior of blue whales from a suction-cup attached video-imaging tag - [New publication on blue whale movements and population structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/new-publication-blue-whale-movements-and-population/) - The following article appeared in the October 2009 issue of Marine Mammal Science (Vol. 25, No. 4): Calambokidis, J., J. Barlow, J.K.B. Ford, T.E. Chandler, and A.B. Douglas. 2009. Insights into the population structure of blue whales in the eastern North Pacific from recent sightings and photographic identifications. Marine Mammal Science 25:816-832 Download full PDF. The definitive version - [CalCOFI March April 2008 cruise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/calcofi-march-april-2008-cruise/) - Prepared by Dominique Camancho. Update from March 31, 2008 This spring cruise has gotten off to a nice start with good species diversity and consistent sightings. Weather has been more variable with the beaufort ranging between 1 and 6 and swells maxing out at 8-10 feet. While transiting between station 93/30 and 93/35 (see map on main CalCOFI page) we hit a - [Cascadia Research - winter bativity in western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/cascadia-research-winter-bativity-western-washington/) - - mid-November through mid- March - (last update 20-Oct-2011) 2004 – 2006 Summary: During December 2004, two friends from different rural areas in Thurston County contacted me about bat activity near their homes. At a farm near Olympia bats were frequently observed foraging in the early evening on dry nights that were above freezing. During - [Vaux's Swifts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/vauxs-swifts/) - Vaux's Swift Video Clip Swift photo - IMG_1238 Swift photo - IMG_1251 Swift photo - IMG_1254 Swift photo - IMG_1256 Swift photo - IMG_1259 Swift photo - IMG_1264 - [Satellite tagging of mammal-eating killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/satellite-tagging-mammal-eating-killer-whales/) - Cascadia Research has been collaborating with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA Fisheries, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Alaska SeaLife Center, and the Center for Whale Research, to examine movements and habitat use of mammal-eating killer whales using satellite tags. Researcher Russ Andrews (of the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the Alaska SeaLife Center) - [Using DTAGs to study acoustics and behavior of Southern Resident killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/using-dtags-study-acoustics-and-behavior-southern/) - Cascadia Research is collaborating with researchers from the NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) on a study using digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) to examine sound exposure, sound use and behavior. Several risk factors were identified as part of the ESA listing process for Southern Resident killer whales (SRKWs), and were included in the - [Movements and habitat use of mammal-eating killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/movements-and-habitat-use-mammal-eating-killer-whales/) - Cascadia Research has been collaborating with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA Fisheries, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Alaska SeaLife Center, the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, and the Center for Whale Research, to examine movements and habitat use of mammal-eating killer whales using remotely-deployed satellite tags. Download a poster presentation on this work (#### - [Mammal-eating killer whale diving behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/mammal-eating-killer-whale-diving-behavior/) - As part of a study to examine night-time and sub-surface behavior of mammal-eating ("transient") killer whales, and compare sub-surface behavior with that of fish-eating ("resident") killer whales, we have been deploying suction-cup attached time-depth recorder (TDR)/VHF radio tags on killer whales around the San Juan Islands. The time-depth recorders (manufactured by Wildlife Computers in Redmond, - [Studying the diet of fish-eating killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/studying-diet-fish-eating-killer-whales-0/) - Studies of the diet of fish-eating killer whales in the nearshore waters of British Columbia and Washington were first undertaken by John Ford and colleagues by collecting fish-scales from behind foraging whales. Based on our work on diving behavior of the "southern resident" population of fish-eating killer whales (click here for a copy of the ## User Pages - [Advice for people interested in a career studying marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/advice/) - I am often asked for advice by prospective graduate students or others interested in working with marine mammals, so I have included below some advice/comments I've provided in the past, as well as a bit of history on how I started in the field. I was not someone who always wanted to work with whales - [David Anderson C.V.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/david-anderson-cv/) - Journal Articles Anderson, D., R.W. Baird, A.L. Bradford and E.M. Oleson. 2020. Is it all about the haul? Pelagic false killer whale interactions with longline fisheries in the central North Pacific. Fisheries Research 230(October 2020), 105665. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105665 Ramos, E.A., N. Castelblanco-Marínez, K.A. Collom, D.C. Barragán-Barrera, N. Garcés-Cuartas, B. Prezas-Hernández, D. Anderson, A. Jeffords, C.A. Niño-Torres, B. Carey, T. - [Robin W. Baird Publications](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/robin-w-baird-publications/) - For a list of Hawai'i focused publications check here and for our general publications archive click here. Peer-reviewed publications 2019 and in press Baird, R.W. In press. Behavior and ecology of not-so-social odontocetes: Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales. In: Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Toothed Whales and Dolphins, the Odontocetes. Edited by B. Würsig. Springer.​ Bernaldo de Quirós, Y., A. Fernandez, R.W. Baird, - [An examination of sub-surface and night-time behaviour of humpback whales in Hawaiian waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/examination-sub-surface-and-night-time-behaviour-humpback-whales-hawaiian-waters/) - Research on the diving behaviour of humpback whales in Hawaii has been undertaken since 2000. In 2000 this work was supported by the Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, the Island Marine Institute, Lahaina, Maui, and the Hawaii Wildlife Fund. During 2001 this work was supported by the Island Marine Institute and a donation by Tom and - [Collaborators](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/collaborators/) - The following is a partial list of collaborators, focusing on those involved in active or major projects. Some individuals are listed for one species or area but actively collaborate on several projects. Masao Amano, University of Tokyo (short-finned pilot whales, Japan) Simon Berrow, Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (bottlenose dolphins, Ireland) Fabrizio Borsani, ICRAM (long-finned pilot whales, Italy) Susan Chivers, National Marine - [Foraging behavior and ecology of transient killer whales (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/foraging-behavior-and-ecology-transient-killer-whales-orcinus-orca/) - Three of the four chapters of my Ph.D. dissertation have been published and are thus available. I've included here most of the unpublished sections. Baird, R.W. 1994. Foraging behaviour and ecology of transient killer whales (Orcinus orca). Ph.D. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaaby, B.C. 159 pp. ABSTRACT The foraging behaviour and ecology of transient killer whales (Orcinus orca) around southern Vancouver Island was studied - [Abstracts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/abstracts/) - ACCOUNT OF HARBOUR PORPOISE (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) STRANDINGS AND BYCATCHES ALONG THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Robin W. Baird and Tamara J. Guenther Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 16):159-168. 1995. ABSTRACT Little is known about the biology or status of the harbour porpoise (Phocona phocoena) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. In this study, - [Status of Killer Whales in Canada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/status-killer-whales-canada/) - The following information is part of the text from the report "Status of killer whales in Canada", by R.W. Baird. Introduction, Population Discrimination etc Population Size and Trends Limiting Factors Special Significance and Evaluation Literature Cited Tables and Figure captions INTRODUCTION, POPULATION DISCRIMINATION ETC Introduction Killer whales are found in all three of Canada's oceans - [Robin W. Baird](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/robinwbaird/) - Email: rwbaird@cascadiaresearch.org Publication List - Abstracts and PDF files (click here) RESEARCH INTERESTS My research addresses various aspects of cetacean behavior, ecology and management. From the mid-1980s through to the mid-1990s I undertook research on a number of species of marine mammals in British Columbia, with a particular focus on behavior and ecology of killer whales in southern British Columbia and Washington state. While I - [British Columbia Marine Mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/british-columbia-marine-mammals/) - From 1987 through 1995 most of my research was undertaken in southern British Columbia and the adjoining waters of Washington state. Although a lot of my research was focused on killer whales, I was involved with research on a number of species of marine mammals, primarily through the Marine Mammal Research Group in Victoria. In - [Cetacean Diving Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/user_page/cetacean-diving-behavior/) - I have been examining the diving and night-time behaviour of a number of species of cetaceans, using suction-cup attached TDRs. This has involved work in eastern and western Canada (Nova Scotia and British Columbia), off Japan, New Zealand, the United States (Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii) French Polynesia (Moorea), Iceland, and Italy. Species studied include Dall's porpoise, northern ## Hawaii Updates - [Updates from our November 2025 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/nov2025/) - From November 10-20 we’ll be undertaking a field project off Kona. We have three primary goals for this project, and a lot of secondary goals. First, we are hoping to find and work with false killer whales, including both the endangered main Hawaiian Islands population and the open-ocean population, to deploy satellite tags to track - [Updates from our October 2025 Lāna‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/oct2025/) - We will be undertaking a field project off Lāna‘i from October 17-27, 2025. This will be our 12th year working off Maui Nui, and our 6th based on the island of Lāna‘i (our last project off Lāna‘i was in July 2024 – check out the web page for that project for more information). The - [Updates from our June 2025 O‘ahu field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/june2025/) - We’ll be undertaking a short field project off Wai‘anae, O‘ahu, from June 20-29. This project is a bit different from our normal efforts, in that we’ll be focusing on using a new tagging system, developed by Randy Wells of the Brookfield Zoo Chicago’s Sarasota Dolphin Research Program and Michael Moore of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, - [Updates from our February 2025 Kaua‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/feb2025/) - Blainville’s beaked whales seen during our February 2024 Kaua’i field project We will be undertaking a 9-day field project off Kaua’i starting February 9th. This is project is primarily funded by the U.S. Navy as part of their Marine Species Monitoring Program and is timed to occur prior to a Submarine Command Course (SCC). Our - [Updates from our October 2024 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/oct2024/) - We are conducting a short (8-day) field project off Kona from October 16-23. This is the 23rd consecutive year of working off Hawaiʻi Island. While we’ll be primarily searching for false killer whales, our highest priority species, and beaked whales, we’ll be working with all species we encounter, obtaining photographs for individual identification, samples for - [Updates from our July 2024 Lāna‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/july2024/) - We are planning a ~2-week field effort off Lāna‘i in July, starting ~July 6th. This will be our first field effort off Lāna‘i since December 2020 and our first mid-summer field effort there. Why Lāna‘i? The area west and southwest of the island is the best accessible location around the main Hawaiian Islands to encounter - [Updates from our February 2024 Kaua‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/feb2024/) - We are undertaking a ~9-day field project off Kaua’i starting on February 11th. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy as part of their Marine Species Monitoring Program and is timed to occur prior to a Submarine Command Course (SCC). Our primary goal is to deploy LIMPET satellite tags on one or more species of odontocete - [Updates from our October/November 2023 Hawai‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/nov2023/) - We are planning a field effort off Kona starting October 28th or 29th and going through November 16th or 17th. We have two primary goals for this project. With funding from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, we hope to find and work with false killer whales (from both the endangered resident population and the - [Updates from our August 2023 Kaua‘i Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/aug2023/) - We are undertaking a ~9 day field project off Kaua’i starting on August 5th. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy as part of their Marine Species Monitoring Program and is timed to occur prior to a Submarine Command Course (SCC). Our primary goal is to deploy LIMPET satellite tags on one or more species of - [Updates from our February 2016 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-february-2016-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a short day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting February 9th, 2016. This will be our 14th field project working off Kaua‘i, and our ninth year of working off the island. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy through the Marine Species Monitoring Program and by a - [Updates from our July/August 2021 Kaua‘i field project​](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/julaug2021/) - We will be undertaking a field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting on July 31st. This will be our 13th year of working off the island since our first trip here in 2003, and our 18th field project off Kaua‘i (our last off Kaua‘i was in February 2020). This project is funded by U.S. Pacific - [Updates from our February/March 2018 Lāna‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/febmar2018/) - We will be undertaking a 14-day field project off Lāna‘i starting February 20, 2018, funded through a NOAA Species Recovery Grant to the State of Hawai‘i. This will be our first Hawai‘i field effort of 2018, and the start of our 19th year of work in Hawai‘i! This will be our seventh year of working off Maui Nui since first working here in 2000, following on - [Updates from our December 2020 Maui Nui Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/december2020/) - In December 2020 we are undertaking a 16-day field effort in the Maui Nui region, in collaboration with the Scripps Acoustic Ecology Laboratory and the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. This is our ninth year of field work in the Maui Nui area since this research effort started there in 2000, and the fourth time we’ve been based - [Updates from our October 2022 Hawai‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/oct2022/) - We are undertaking a field effort off Hawaiʻi Island from October 15th through the 28th. Like many of our Kona field projects, we will be working with a number of different species and have a number of goals. False killer whales are always our highest priority, and we'll spend time offshore looking for pelagic false - [Updates from our August 2022 Kaua‘i Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/aug2022/) - We are undertaking an 8-10 day field project off Kaua’i starting on August 16th. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy as part of their Marine Species Monitoring Program and is timed to occur prior to a Submarine Command Course (SCC). Our primary goal is to deploy LIMPET satellite tags on one or more - [Updates from our June 2022 Hawai‘i Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/june2022/) - We have a field effort off Hawaiʻi Island from June 12-21. This is our 21st consecutive year of working off this island and the 24th year of field work since this project started. Although we are hoping to spend time working with false killer whales, like all of our projects we will be working with - [Updates from our Nov/Dec 2006 Hawai'i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-novdec-2006-hawaii-field-work/) - The most recent updates are at the bottom of the page. For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org or see our Hawaii odontocete research page All photographs on this page are taken under NMFS Scientific Research Permits and are copyrighted and not to be used without permission. From November 14 through - [Updates from our August 2007 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-august-2007-hawaii-field-work/) - For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org or see our Hawai‘i odontocete research page From August 9 - 28, 2007 we are undertaking research off the island of Hawai‘i (the "Big Island") in collaboration with the Wild Whale Research Foundation, and funded by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA Fisheries - [Updates from our April/May 2008 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-aprilmay-2008-hawaii-field-work/) - For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org The most recent updates are at the bottom of the page. From April 17 through May 16, 2008 we will be undertaking research off the island of Hawai‘i (the “Big Island”) in collaboration with the Wild Whale Research Foundation, and funded by the Southwest - [Updates from our June/July 2008 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-junejuly-2008-hawaii-field-work/) - For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org A map showing the satellite locations obtained from 33 satellite tags deployed on four different species of odontocetes during our June/July 2008 field project. As of September 11, 2008 the average duration of transmissions from these tags is 35 days, with a number of - [Updates from our December 2008 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-december-2008-hawaii-field-work/) - For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org We will update this page every few days during the field project, with the most recent updates at the bottom of the page. From December 1-16, 2008 we will be undertaking research in Hawai‘i, based off the island of Hawai‘i (the "Big Island"). This - [Updates from our April/May 2009 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-aprilmay-2009-hawaii-field-work/) - For more information contact Robin W. Baird at rwbaird (at) cascadiaresearch.org We will update this page every few days during the field project, with the most recent updates at the bottom of the page. From April 19-May 7 we will be undertaking research in Hawai‘i, based off the island of Hawai‘i (the "Big Island"). This - [Updates from our October 2009 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-october-2009-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research is involved in two field projects in Hawai‘i this October. Starting on October 2nd Cascadia Research biologist Daniel Webster joined a field project off O‘ahu working with researchers from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, for a 16-day effort. And from October 19-31 we will be undertaking research off the island of Hawai‘i - [Updates from our December 2009 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-december-2009-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project in Hawai‘i from December 8-21, 2009. This work is funded by a number of different sources: the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (with support from the U.S. Navy, N45), and the Alaska SeaLife Center/University of Alaska Fairbanks (with support from the Office - [Updates from our April 2010 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-april-2010-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project in Hawai‘i from April 8-21, 2010. This work is funded by a number of different sources: the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (with support from the U.S. Navy, N45), and the Alaska SeaLife Center/University of Alaska Fairbanks (with support from the Office - [Updates from our July/August 2010 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-julyaugust-2010-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research and the Wild Whale Research Foundation are undertaking a joint field project off the island of Hawai‘i in July and August, 2010. The research team includes Jessica Aschettino and Robin Baird of Cascadia, Dan McSweeney of the Wild Whale Research Foundation, and a number of volunteers. Our primary goals for this project are - [Updates from our October 2010 O‘ahu field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-october-2010-oahu-field-work/) - Cascadia Research is undertaking a field project off the island of O‘ahu from October 10-24, 2010. Although we've worked off all the main Hawaiian Islands, this is the first field project we've had off O‘ahu since 2003. Our primary goals for this project are to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number - [Updates from our December 2010 Hawai‘i Island field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-december-2010-hawaii-island-field-work/) - Cascadia Research is undertaking a field project off the island of Hawai‘i from December 5-17, 2010, our fourth field effort this year (and the third off this island). Our primary goal for this project is to obtain information on movements and habitat use of false killer whales, but we will be working with most species - [Updates from our February 2011 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-february-2011-kauai-field-work/) - From February 16-20, 2011, we participated in a field project off the island of Kaua‘i, our first field effort in Hawai‘i this year and the fourth time we've worked off Kaua‘i (with previous trips in 2003, 2005 and 2008). This cruise was organized by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific (NAVFAC PAC) and sponsored by Commander, - [Updates from our May 2011 Hawai‘i Island field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-may-2011-hawaii-island-field-work/) - From May 6-14, 2011, we will be undertaking a field project off the island of Hawai‘i, our second field effort in Hawai‘i this year and the 10th year in a row we've worked off the island of Hawai‘i. This project is funded through a sub-award from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (from a grant from - [Updates from our July/August 2011 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-julyaugust-2011-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a ~3 week field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting July 20th, 2011. This will be our fifth field project (and fourth year) working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, and our most extensive effort there since 2005. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on movements and - [Updates from our August 2011 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-august-2011-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research and the Wild Whale Research Foundation are undertaking a 3 week field project off the island of Hawai‘i starting August 11th, 2011. This will be our second field project off the island this year. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain identification photos of a number of species of toothed whales, - [Updates from our October/November 2011 Hawai‘i Island field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/update-our-octobernovember-2011-hawaii-field-wo/) - In October and November 2011 we are undertaking a month-long collaborative research project off the island of Hawai‘i. The research team includes Aran Mooney of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Russ Andrews of the University of Alaska Fairbanks/Alaska SeaLife Center, Aliza Milette of the University of Hawai‘i, Dan McSweeney of the Wild Whale Research Foundation, and Jessica Aschettino, Greg Schorr, - [Updates from our May 2012 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-may-2012-hawaii-field-work/) - In May 2012 we are undertaking a three-week long collaborative research project off the island of Hawai‘i. This will be our 11th year of working off the "big island", and the first of three field projects this summer in Hawai‘i (we'll be working off Kaua‘i in June and early July and back to the big - [Updates from our June/July 2012 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-junejuly-2012-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 3-week field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting June 12th, 2012. This will be our 7th field project (and 5th year) working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number of species of toothed - [Updates from our August 2012 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-august-2012-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 17-day collaborative field project with researchers from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution off the island of Hawai‘i starting August 9th, 2012. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on diving and acoustic behavior of false killer whales and melon-headed whales through the deployment of suction-cup attached digitial - [Updates from our December 2012 Lāna‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-december-2012-lanai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 15-day field project based off the island of Lāna‘i starting December 7th, 2012. This will be our first time working back in the "4-island" area since 2003, and our first-ever field project based off the island of Lāna‘i. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on - [Updates from our February 2013 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-february-2013-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking an 8-day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting February 2nd, 2013. This will be our 8th field project (and 6th year) working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number of species of toothed - [Updates from our May 2013 Hawai‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-may-2013-hawaii-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 19-day collaborative field project with researchers from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution off the island of Hawai‘i starting May 10th, 2013. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on diving and acoustic behavior of false killer whales and melon-headed whales through the deployment of suction-cup attached digitial - [Updates from our July/August 2013 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-julyaugust-2013-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a short (8 day) field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting July 26th, 2013. This will be our 9th field project (and 6th year) working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number of species - [Updates from our October/November 2013 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-octobernovember-2013-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 15-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting October 18th, 2013. We have several primary goals for this project - perhaps the most ambitious is to try deploy LIMPET satellite tags on dwarf sperm whales - something we have never tried before. This species has a reputation for being difficult to approach, - [Updates from our February 2014 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-february-2014-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 10-day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting February 1st, 2014, working in conjunction with researchers from HDR Inc., and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific as part of the Navy's monitoring program. This will be our 10th field project (and 7th year) working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. - [Updates from our July 2014 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-july-2014-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 12-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting July 17, 2014. We have several primary goals for this project - perhaps the most ambitious is to try to deploy LIMPET satellite tags on dwarf sperm whales - something that has never been done before. This species has a reputation for being difficult - [Updates from our October 2014 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-october-2014-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 14-day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting October 7th, 2014. This will be our 11th field project working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. The primary purpose of the project is to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number of species of toothed whales through the - [Updates from our November/December 2014 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-novemberdecember-2014-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 21-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting November 14, 2014. This project is funded by the NOAA Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Engineering Program (BREP) and is focused primarily on false killer whales. Our primary goal for the field effort is to find and deploy LIMPET satellite tags on pelagic false killer - [Updates from our February 2015 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-february-2015-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 13-day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting February 4th, 2015. This will be our 12th field project and 8th year working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy as part of their monitoring program. The primary purpose of the project is to - [Updates from our April 2015 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-april-2015-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 13-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting April 16, 2015. This project is funded by several grants, including the NOAA Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Engineering Program (BREP) and the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, to work specifically with false killer whales, as well as the Office of Naval Research, to work - [Updates from our May/June 2015 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-mayjune-2015-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 7-day field project based out of Kawaihae, Hawai‘i Island starting May 31, 2015. This will be our third field effort in Hawai‘i this year, and the first time we've ever worked off Hawai‘i Island during the month of June (we've previously had June field efforts off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau only, - [Updates from our September 2015 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-september-2015-kauai-field-work/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a 10-day field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting September 3rd, 2015. This will be our 13th field project working off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, and our second one this year. This project is funded by the U.S. Navy through the Living Marine Resources program. The primary purpose of the - [Updates from our November 2015 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-november-2015-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 14-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting November 2, 2015. This project is funded by the NOAA Fisheries Bycatch Reduction Engineering Program (BREP) and is focused primarily on false killer whales. Our primary goal for the field effort is to find and deploy LIMPET satellite tags on pelagic false killer - [Updates from our January 2016 O‘ahu field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-january-2016-oahu-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 7-day field project off O‘ahu starting January 4, 2016, a collaborative effort with the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. We are excited to get back to O‘ahu - most of our work in the last five years has been off either Kaua‘i or Hawai‘i Island, and since 2010 the only - [Updates from our August 2018 Kaua‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/august2018/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project off the island of Kaua‘i in early August. This will be our 16th field project working off Kaua‘i, and our 11th year of working off the island since our first trip here in 2003 (our last field project off Kaua‘i was in August 2017). This project is funded by - [Updates from our April 2018 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/april2018/) - We will be undertaking an 11-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting April 17, 2018, primarily funded through a grant from the Office of Naval Research to Wildlife Computers and Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research (MarEcoTel), with additional support from a grant from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center to Cascadia. This will be our 17th year of working off the island, and our first - [Updates from our July 2016 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-july-2016-hawaii-island-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 12-day field project based out of Kawaihae, Hawai‘i Island starting July 18, 2016. This will be our third field effort in Hawai‘i and our first off Hawai‘i Island this year, and our 15th year of working off the island of Hawai‘i. Basing out of Kawaihae, rather than our normal operations - [Updates from our October 2016 O‘ahu field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-october-2016-oahu-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 19-day field project off O‘ahu starting October 5, 2016, funded through a NOAA Species Recovery Grant to the State of Hawai‘i. This will be our second field effort off O‘ahu this year (see info from our January effort here) and our sixth field project off the island since we first worked off - [Updates from our March 2017 Lāna‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/updates-our-march-2017-lanai-field-project/) - We will be undertaking a 21-day field project off Lāna‘i starting March 1, 2017, funded through a grant from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center and a NOAA Species Recovery Grant to the State of Hawai‘i. We also thank Pūlama Lāna‘i for logistical support. This will be our first field effort off Lāna‘i since - [Updates from our June 2017 Hawai‘i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/june2017/) - We will be undertaking a 14-day field project based out of Kona, Hawai‘i Island starting June 14, 2017. This will be our second field effort in Hawai‘i and our first off Hawai‘i Island this year, and our 16th year of working off the island of Hawai‘i. Although we’ve worked off the island every month of - [Updates from our August 2017 Kaua‘i field work](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/august2017/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project off the island of Kaua‘i in early August. This will be our 15th field project working off Kaua‘i, and our 10th year of working off the island since our first trip here in 2003 (our last field project off Kaua‘i was in February 2016. This project is funded - [Updates from our October 2017 Hawai’i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/october2017/) - We will be undertaking a 10-day field effort off Hawai‘i Island starting October 7th, funded through a NOAA Species Recovery Grant to the State of Hawai'i, with addition support from Dolphin Quest. This will be our second field effort off the “big island” this year (our last was in June). Our primary goal is to - [Updates from our November 2017 O‘ahu field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/november2017/) - We will be undertaking a 19-day field effort off O‘ahu starting November 2nd, funded through a NOAA Species Recovery Grant to the State of Hawai‘i. This will be our first field effort off O‘ahu this year (our last was in October 2016). Our primary goal is to find and learn more about the endangered main - [Updates from our November 2018 Hawai'i Island field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/november2018/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project off the island of Hawai‘i from November 4-17, 2018, our second major project off the island this year. This project is funded by a grant from the Tides Foundation and by a grant from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. The main objective of the project is to find - [Updates from our March 2019 Maui Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/mar2019/) - Cascadia Research's first Hawai'i field project of 2019 was based off Maui, from March 11-17, 2019. This project was the start of the 20th consecutive year of this study on Hawaiian odontocetes, although this effort was a bit different from most, as we were spending a lot of time also working with humpback whales (in conjunction with a - [Updates from our April 2019 Hawai‘i Island Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/april2019/) - We will be undertaking an 8-day field project off Hawai‘i Island starting April 13, 2019, funded through a grant from the Office of Naval Research to Wildlife Computers and Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research (MarEcoTel). This will be our 18th year of working off the island, and our first field project there in 2019. The primary goal for this work is the deployment - [Updates from our October/November 2019 Hawaiʻi Island Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/octobernovember2019/) - We’ll be undertaking a field project off the island of Hawaiʻi from October 28 through November 10, 2019, our second project off the island this year. This project is funded by a contract from the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and by a grant from the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. We have two main goals - [Updates from our February 2020 Kaua‘i Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/feb2020/) - Cascadia Research will be undertaking a field project off the island of Kaua‘i starting on February 6th. This will be the start of the 21st year of our Hawaiʻi research effort, our 12th year of working off the island since our first trip here in 2003, and our 17th field project off Kaua‘i (our last - [Updates from our Summer 2020 Hawaiʻi Island field project with Captain Zodiac](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/summer2020/) - While our field projects are normally undertaken during two- to three-week periods where we go out on the water every day, this summer we are trying a new option that has been made possible with the support of Captain Zodiac, a tour company based in Kona that has been contributing photos to our projects for - [Updates from our April/May 2021 Hawai‘i Island Field Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/aprilmay2021/) - We are starting our field work in 2021 with a project off Hawai‛i Island, expected to start April 30th. This project will involve going out daily with two boats (weather permitting) working in concert, to be able to survey offshore more effectively. The project is being funded by a grant from the Pacific Islands Fisheries - [Updates from our November 2021 Hawai‘i field project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/hawaii-update/nov2021/) - We have a 2-week field project off of Kona starting November 2nd. Although our primary goals for the project involve working with false killer whales, both pelagic and insular, we'll be working with all species of odontocetes we encounter, using a variety of methods (photo-ID, biopsy sampling, drone photogrammetry, and satellite tagging) to learn more ## Announcements - [Cascadia's John Calambokidis featured on the Naturally Scott podcast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadias-john-calambokidis-featured-on-the-naturally-scott-podcast/) - [Cascadia's 2025 Year in Review](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-2025-year-in-review/) - [Malama Kai Foundation Reef Talk on spinner dolphin tagging in Hawai’i now available online](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/upcoming-malama-kai-foundation-reef-talk-on-spinner-dolphin-tagging-in-hawaii/) - [Seminar on the science and conservation of Hawai‘i's false killer whales now available online](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/upcoming-seminar-on-the-science-and-conservation-of-hawaiis-false-killer-whales/) - SPEAKER: Dr. Robin W. Baird, Hawai‘i Program Director, Cascadia Research SEMINAR TITLE: Science and conservation of Hawai‘i’s false killer whales: threats to populations are not being addressed WHEN: Wednesday, December 3, 9-9:50 AM WHERE: Only on Zoom https://hawaii.zoom.us/j/83697960500 ID: 836 9796 0500 Passcode: TCBES ABSTRACT: Three partially overlapping populations of false killer whales have been identified in Hawaiian waters: - [140 feet of fishing gear removed from humpback whale in the Strait of Juan de Fuca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/140-feet-of-fishing-gear-removed-from-humpback-whale-in-the-strait-of-juan-de-fuca/) - [Cascadia Research part of effort to rescue stranded entangled whale in Oregon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-research-part-of-effort-to-rescue-stranded-entangled-whale-in-oregon/) - ['The Loneliest Whale: The Search for 52'  was recently added to the Netflix lineup in late October 2025. Learn more about the acclaimed documentary and the role Cascadia played in an expedition to locate the whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/the-loneliest-whale-the-search-for-52-was-recently-added-to-the-netflix-lineup-in-late-october-2025-learn-more-about-the-acclaimed-documentary-and-the-role-cascadia-played-in-an-expedition/) - [Cascadia featured in Hawaiʻi Public Radio piece on endangered false killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-featured-in-hawaiʻi-public-radio-piece-on-endangered-false-killer-whales/) - [The Evergreen State College honors Cascadia's John Calambokidis with Joseph Albert Dear Distinguished Alumni Award](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/the-evergreen-state-college-honors-cascadias-john-calambokidis-with-joseph-albert-dear-distinguished-alumni-award/) - [Cascadia's second successful disentanglement in just over a month in the Salish Sea. Unfortunately for the whale, it was also its second successful disentanglement in just over a month...](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadias-second-successful-disentanglement-in-just-over-a-month-in-the-salish-sea-unfortunately-for-the-whale-it-was-also-its-second-successful-disentanglement-in-just-over-a-month/) - [Recording available from Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute presentation on spinner dolphin tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/recording-available-from-oregon-state-university-marine-mammal-institute-presentation-on-spinner-dolphin-tagging/) - [Whale freed from life-threatening entanglement in the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/whale-freed-from-life-threatening-entanglement-in-the-salish-sea/) - [Honolulu Civil Beat article features Cascadia's research on declining false killer whale abundance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/honolulu-civil-beat-article-features-cascadias-research-on-declining-false-killer-whale-abundance/) - [Recording available from Hatfield Marine Science Center Summer Research Seminar on false killer whale management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/recording-available-from-hatfield-marine-science-center-summer-research-seminar-on-false-killer-whale-management/) - [Surprising number of gray whale strandings in Washington in 2025 are ahead of normal pace and suggest a possible continuation of elevated mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/graywhale_strandings2025/) - Gray whale strandings, which occur during the spring months when whales migrate past the Washington coast, began this year on 2 April 2025 when an adult female was found on the Long Beach Peninsula. Since then, six more dead gray whales have been documented in Washington State. The number of strandings this year is higher - [Cascadia's John Calambokidis featured in ABC World News article about whale swallowing kayaker](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadias-john-calambokidis-featured-in-abc-world-news-article-about-whale-swallowing-kayaker/) - [Cascadia research on false killer whale fisheries interactions featured in Environment Hawai’i article](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-paper-on-false-killer-whale-fisheries-interactions-published-in-environment-hawaii/) - [Cascadia paper on fisheries injuries among endangered Hawaiian false killer whales featured in Civil Beat article](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-paper-on-fisheries-injuries-among-endangered-hawaiian-false-killer-whales-featured-in-civil-beat-article/) - [Minke whale found dead in Tacoma was killed by a ship](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/minke-whale-found-dead-in-tacoma-was-killed-by-a-ship/) - Previous Next On Saturday, 23 November 2024, biologists from Cascadia Research and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, with the assistance of a veterinary pathologist from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, examined a minke whale found dead in Commencement Bay earlier in the week. The carcass of the 17-foot juvenile female was first seen - [Recordings from Cascadia 45th anniversary party on October 12th](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-45th-anniversary-party-information/) - On October 12th, 2024 Cascadia Research Collective gathered with friends and collaborators in Olympia to celebrate our 45th anniversary! Below are recordings from the event, including some of the pre-program mingling in the ballroom and the main programming and speakers from the evening. For those interested in donating to Cascadia to support our research effects, please - [Online silent auction to raise funds open until October 13th at 6pm PDT](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/online-silent-auction-to-raise-funds-open-until-october-13th-at-6pm-pdt/) - [Maui talk on endangered false killer whales available online](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/maui-talk-on-endangered-false-killer-whales-july-22nd/) - Watch a recording of this presentation here! - [Presentation on July 18th about Hawaiʻi’s endangered false killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/presentation-on-july-18th-about-hawaiʻis-endangered-false-killer-whales/) - [Cascadia featured in new documentary about the recovery of humpback and gray whale populations along the West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-featured-in-new-documentary-about-the-recovery-of-humpback-and-gray-whale-populations-along-the-west-coast/) - This documentary was produced by the Seattle Channel and was in part motivated by some of the high profile sightings of a humpback whale near Seattle. The show starts a more broad look at the recovery of gray and humpback whales before focusing on those sightings. Most of the narration is taken from an interview - [Cascadia featured in new documentary about gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-featured-in-new-documentary-about-gray-whales/) - The Sounders gray whales of Puget Sound and Cascadia’s research efforts are featured on a new installment of Salish Sea Wild produced by the SeaDoc Society and hosted by Joe Gaydos. The show covers how some gray whales in years where they are experiencing high mortality and facing nutritional stress have discovered this key feeding - [Post-unusual mortality event monitoring begins in Washington State with the examination of 2 dead gray whales and an entangled gray whale response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/post-unusual-mortality-event-monitoring-begins-in-washington-state-with-the-examination-of-2-dead-gray-whales-and-an-entangled-gray-whale-response/) - With the official closure of the 2019-2023 Gray Whale Unusual Mortality Event (UME) comes a new phase: post-UME monitoring of gray whale mortalities. Within the last week, Cascadia Research and collaborating organizations began this monitoring with examinations of the first two gray whale strandings of 2024 in Washington waters. A team led by Cascadia also - [Talk on the science and conservation of false killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/upcoming-talk-on-the-science-and-conservation-of-false-killer-whales/) - [Presentation on false killer whales in Hawai‘i by Robin Baird](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/presentation-on-false-killer-whales-in-hawaii-by-robin-baird/) - [Malnutrition a significant finding in the examinations of three recently stranded gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-participates-in-gray-whale-necropsies/) - In the second half of June, Cascadia Research and other members of the Marine Mammal Standing Network examined three dead gray whales in Washington. Preliminary results indicate malnutrition significantly contributed to the mortality in all three cases, consistent with findings in many other stranded grays in Washington waters in recent years. Recent strandings included: A - [Sounders trading cards now available](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/sounders-trading-cards-now-available/) - [New names for the Sounders gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/sounders-new-names/) - Cascadia Research and Orca Network are pleased to announce the winning names for our Sounder gray whales, which have been eagerly awaited by many. With over 1,200 votes from the public, we are thrilled to introduce the following whales with their new monikers: Additionally, Cascadia and Orca Network have chosen names for four of our - [Changes and New Names For Sounder Gray Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/changes-newnames-sounders/) - Big Changes and New Names There are some new developments for the Sounders gray whales who return every spring to feed in the waters around Everett, Camano Island, and Whidbey Island. Cascadia Research and Orca Network have documented some surprising new developments with these whales as well as a way for the public to participate - [Cascadia at the 24th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/smm2022/) - From August 1-5th, Cascadia research staff and affiliates will be participating in the 24th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals in Palm Beach, Florida. This conference will bring together scientists, policymakers, managers, and advocates for five days of presentations, learning, and constructive dialogue. Additionally, this is the first fully hyrbid, live-virtual conference of - [Ryan et al paper on blue whales featured on SciShow](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/ryan-et-al-paper-on-blue-whales-featured-on-scishow/) - A recent paper with CRC authors, Oceanic Giants Dance to Atmospheric Rhythms: Ephemeral Wind-Driven Resource Tracking by Blue Whales, was featured this week on youtube’s SciShow, hosted by Hank Green! The paper explores the hypothesis that blue whales track wind-driven upwelling to feed on aggregated prey species near these features, focusing on the California Current - [Second whale ship strike mortality in Washington State in October confirmed](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/second-whale-ship-strike-mortality-in-washington-state-in-october-confirmed/) - For the 2nd time in recent weeks, examination of a stranded whale confirmed it was likely the victim of a ship strike in Washington State. Examinations of a minke whale that was found floating in the San Juan Islands on 5 October 2022 and of a humpback whale that was first reported on the same - [Cascadia participates in minke whale necropsy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-participates-in-minke-whale-necropsy/) - On 07 October 2022, Cascadia Research assisted The San Juan Marine Mammal Stranding Network, The SeaDoc Society, and World Vets with the examination of an adult female minke whale found floating dead near Lopez Island earlier in the week. Significant necropsy findings indicated blunt force trauma consistent with ship strike as the likely cause of - [Enrico Corsi featured on Marine Mammal Science Podcast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/enrico-corsi-featured-on-marine-mammal-science-podcast-aug-2022/) - Differences in social structures of Hawaiian bottlenose dolphins This episode is a special extra show recoded at the Society for Marine Mammalogy’s 24th Biennial Conference at Palm Beach, Florida. Dr Ashley Scarlett (Dr Scarlett Smash) interviews some of the scientists and students that presented posters at the conference. This episode features Enrico Coris from Marine - [Robin Baird giving presentation on science and management of Hawaiian dolphins and whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robin-baird-giving-presentation-on-science-and-management-of-hawaiian-dolphins-and-whales-jul-2022/) - [Michaela Kratofil featured on Marine Mammal Science Podcast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/michaela-kratofil-featured-on-marine-mammal-science-podcast/) - MMS 110: Coding for conservation Michaela Kratofil, a research assistant at Cascadia Research Collective, is talking to Dr. Ashley Scarlett about her work as a statistical coder and how, via this work, she reveals foraging and ecological patterns within small cetacean populations. - [Jordan Lerma speaking at Whale Tales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/jordan-lerma-speaking-at-whale-tales-march-26th/) - [Return of humpbacks to the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/return-humpbacks-salish-sea/) - Kiirsten Flynn, research biologist with Cascadia Research will discuss the changes seen in humpback whale abundance and usage of the Salish Sea tonight at the Shelton, Washington Timberland Library. Starting about 10 years ago, increasing numbers of humpback whales have appeared in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound and other parts of the - [Rare Sighting of Blue Whales off the Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/rare-sighting-of-blue-whales-off-the-washington-coast/) - [NW News Network article on blue whale sighting](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/nw-news-network-article-on-blue-whale-sighting/) - [BBC show The Whale Detective on January 8, 2020 highlights some of Cascadia's work in California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/bbc-show-the-whale-detective-on-january-8-2020-highlights-some-of-cascadias-work-in-california/) - [Robin Baird to speak on whales and dolphins of Papahānaumokuākea at the Waikiki Aquarium February 4th](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robin-baird-to-speak-on-whales-and-dolphins-of-papahanaumokuakea-at-the-waikiki-aquarium-february-4th/) - [Robin Baird's talk on O‘ahu's resident year-round whales and dolphins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robin-bairds-talk-on-oahus-resident-year-round-whales-and-dolphins/) - [Sounder gray whale 531 is added to the list of ID'd grays in Northern Puget Sound!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/sounder-gray-whale-531-is-added-to-the-list-of-idd-grays-in-northern-puget-sound/) - Tuesday, March 10, 2020 – 08:19 6th Sounder Seen: 531 Is Here! March 8, 2020 Cascadia’s John Calambokidis and student intern Kira Telford went out with Island Adventures Whale Watching in Everett, Washington for their first of the season gray whale trips. Despite some squally weather they had a very successful trip that included gray - [Northwest News Network: Interivew with John Calambokidis about gray whales.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/northwest-news-network-interivew-with-john-calambokidis-about-gray-whales/) - [Robin Baird to give talk on Hawaiian whales and dolphins May 1st as part of National Marine Sanctuary Webinar Series](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robin-baird-to-give-talk-on-hawaiian-whales-and-dolphins-may-1st-as-part-of-national-marine-sanctuary-webinar-series/) - [John Calambokidis to give talk on return of humpbacks in the Salish Sea for Harbor Wildwatch on Wednesday 20 May at 6pm](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-to-give-talk-on-return-of-humpbacks-in-the-salish-sea-for-harbor-wildwatch-on-wednesday-20-may-at-6pm/) - [John Calambokidis interviewed about gray whales by NPR station KUOW](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-interviewed-about-gray-whales-by-npr-station-kuow/) - [Seattle Times story on plunging ENP gray whale population features Cascadia Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/seattle-times-story-on-plunging-enp-gray-whale-population-features-cascadia-research/) - [Lāna‘i false killer whale encounter reported on Newsweek](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/lanai-false-killer-whale-encounter-reported-on-newsweek/) - [John Calambokidis gives interview for The Whalenerd's Podcast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-gives-interview-for-the-whalenerds-podcast/) - [John Calambokidis featured in NPR story on the Sounders](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-featured-in-npr-story-on-the-sounders/) - [John Calambokidis gives talk on the return of large whales to the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-gives-talk-on-the-return-of-large-whales-to-the-salish-sea/) - [Robin Baird giving presentation on Hawai‘i work for ACS Monterey Bay](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robin-baird-giving-presentation-on-hawaii-work-for-acs-monterey-bay/) - [Enrico Corsi featured on Whale Scientists Blog](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/enrico-corsi-featured-on-whale-scientists-blog/) - [John Calambokidis gives interview for the Saving Ocean Wildlife Podcast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-gives-interview-for-the-saving-ocean-wildlife-podcast/) - Saving Ocean Wildlife By Peter Myers A Podcast by the Saving Ocean Wildlife staff with special guests from various environmental organizations. We will raise awareness about problems facing our ocean's wildlife and discuss solutions and how everyone can get involved. - [Cascadia welcomes new operations manager Corinne Holland!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-welcomes-new-operations-manager-corinne-holland/) - We are pleased to announce that Corinne Holland has joined the Cascadia team as our new operations manager! Corinne began her business career in San Diego, CA in the Real Estate Development field. After vacationing in OR and WA she fell in love with the PNW, planted her roots in Olympia, WA and transitioned her career - [Cascadia Research Collective abstracts submitted to the 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Quebec, October 2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadia-research-collective-abstracts-submitted-18th-biennial-conference-biology-marine/) - With Cascadia staff as senior author: Movements of satellite-tagged false killer whales around the main Hawaiian Islands: implications for management. Baird, R.W., G.S. Schorr, D.L. Webster, D.J. McSweeney, M.B. Hanson, and R.D. Andrews The Costa Rica Dome as a winter feeding and breeding areas for North Pacific blue whales. Calambokidis, J, B. Mate, E. Oleson, - [More gray whales are risking their lives for shrimp cocktail - Science magazine and best presentation at SMM conference 2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/more-gray-whales-are-risking-their-lives-shrimp-cocktail-science-magazine-and-best-presentation/) - At the Society for Marine Mammalogy biennial marine mammal conference in Halifax this year, Cascadia's research on the intertidal feeding strategies of gray whales was featured in an article on Sciencemag.org. John Calambokidis' talk on this work also won best presentation of the day at the conference. Check out more info on the Sounders gray whales here and here - [Intra and Inter-Species Interactions Among Humpback Whales in Monterey Bay: Measuring Lunge Diversity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/intra-and-inter-species-interactions-among-humpback-whales-monterey-bay-measuring-lunge/) - Cascadia Research biologist James Falhbusch was unable to complete his presentation at the Society for Marine Mammalogy 2017 conference in Halifax due to technical difficulties, - [Northwest Science Association 2018 Annual Meeting](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/northwest-science-association-2018-annual-meeting/) - On March 28th biologists from Cascadia Research presented at the annual meeting of the Northwest Science Association, held at The Evergreen State College campus in Olympia, WA. The session was titled "Changes in top predators of the Salish Sea" and included talks about increased occurrence of species in the Salish Sea, documented changes in strandings, and - [John Calambokidis to present to South Sound Surfrider Foundation, Thursday August 8, 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-present-south-sound-surfrider-foundation-thursday-august-8-2019/) - John Calambokidis, senior research biologist with Cascadia Research will be in Tacoma on Thursday evening, August 8 talking to the South Sound Surfrider Foundation. He will be presenting new information on whales in Washington State including touching on some of the recent record number of mortalities of gray whales this year. Other topics may include highlighting - [Operations Manager Position Opening](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/operations-manager-position-opening/) - Cascadia Research Collective is a small, 41-year strong, Olympia-based non-profit and leader in scientific research and education on marine mammals (whales, dolphins, and pinnipeds) in Puget Sound, the West Coast, and Hawaiʻi is seeking an operations manager. We are looking for an individual to inaugurate the operations manager position at Cascadia and to work closely - [Cascadia Research Collective's Dr. Robin Baird to speak at HMSC Virtual Research Seminar Thursday, January 28, 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/robinbaird_hmsc_2021jan28/) - Speaker: Robin W. Baird, Cascadia Research Collective Topic: Science and management of an endangered species: false killer whales around the main Hawaiian Islands Abstract: Focused research beginning in 1999 revealed the existence of a small resident population of false killer whales around the main Hawaiian Islands, that was genetically differentiated from false killer whales elsewhere. As additional studies - [Insights into humpback whale struck by ferry on 6 July 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/insights-humpback-whale-struck-ferry-6-july-2020/) - The juvenile whale that was documented struck by a Washington State Ferry off Whidbey Island on 6 July 2020 has been identified as an individual sighted in previous days uninjured and has now been linked to historical photographs taken by the Marine Education and Research Society (MERS) showing this whale was born in 2017 (indicating - [Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/salish-sea-ecosystem-conference-2018/) - Cascadia Research biologists will present at the 2018 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference in Seattle, WA on April 6th. John Calambokidis, David Anderson, Laurie Shuster, and Jessie Huggins will each present separately on topics related to the session title "Changes in marine mammal occurrence in the Salish Sea". Titles and authors are listed below. Common and Bottlenose Dolphins - [John Calambokidis receives Environmental Protection Award from Olympia Rotary Club](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-receives-environmental-protection-award-olympia-rotary-club/) - On April 30th, 2018 John Calambokidis was presented with the Rotary Club of Olympia Washington's 2018 Environmental Protection Award for his 39 years of dedication to wildlife research in "outstanding service for a safer environment" -- congrats John! - [Cascadia's long time researcher, Gretchen Steiger passes away](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/cascadias-long-time-researcher-gretchen-steiger-passes-away/) - Update: Memorial Celebration of Gretchen Steiger, May 4, 2019 There will be a memorial celebration of Gretchen Steiger on May 4, 2019. For those wanting to attend the memorial celebration and reception on 4 May please use the RSVP links below to let us know you are coming (no need to RSVP if you cannot make - [Celebration of Life: Gretchen Steiger](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/ghs/) - Memorial Celebration of Gretchen Steiger, May 4, 2019 There will be a memorial celebration of Gretchen Steiger on May 4, 2019. For those wanting to attend the memorial celebration and reception on 4 May please use the RSVP links below to let us know you are coming (no need to RSVP if you cannot make it). - [Blue whale off Los Angeles yields surprising insights](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/blue-whale-off-los-angeles/) - Fluke of CRC-992. A short cruise involving a team including Cascadia Research, NOAA, Stanford University, and SR3 identified a blue whale off LA/Long Beach Harbor on 2 and 3 July 2019 which provided some very interesting insights. The 4-day cruise conducted with the Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary vessel Shearwater and one of Cascadia’s RHIBs was - [Recent loss of two key people in Cascadia Research's formation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/recent-loss-two-key-people-cascadia-researchs-formation/) - While the celebration of Cascadia’s 40th year was postponed and will be held in the future, we are sad that two key people in Cascadia’s formation died earlier this year. For now, we will honor them with the following brief summaries describing their important role in our formation. John Peard, a founding member of Cascadia - [Humpback whale successfully disentangled off the Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/humpback-whale-successfully-disentangled-washington-coast/) - Trained responders successfully disentangled a Humpback whale this past Thursday, August 8, 2019. The whale was initially seen around noon time by Todds Extreme Fishing who was able to stay with the whale and monitor its location until the Makah Tribe and the U.S. Coast Guard could take over until the responders arrived. The - [John Calambokidis to present at the State of the Coast: Oregon's Coastal Conference November 9, 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-present-state-coast-oregons-coastal-conference-november-9-2019/) - Cascadia's senior researcher, John Calambokidis will be previewing the status of whales along the west coast in the morning of the State of the Coast conference. In the afternoon he will be presenting in a Breakout Session with Lisa Ballance (OSU Marine Mammal Institute), Amanda Gladics (Oregon Sea Grant) and John Corbin (Oregon crab fisherman) - [League of Women Voters of Thurston County presents Citizenship Award to Cascadia Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/league-women-voters-thurston-county-presents-citizenship-award-cascadia-research/) - On October 26, 2019 the League of Women Voters of Thurston County held their annual Education Fund Benefit Luncheon. While this is primarily a fundraising event, the organization also gathers for a presentation by a local government or community leader and is an opportunity for them to present awards to individuals or organizations who make - [John Calambokidis to present at Oregon Sea Grant's State of the Coast Conference, November 9, 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/john-calambokidis-present-oregon-sea-grants-state-coast-conference-november-9-2019/) - Senior research biologist, John Calambokidis will be presenting today for Oregon Sea Grant's State of the Conference at the Salishan Resort in Gleneden Beach, Oregon, John will first be presenting briefly on the state of whales along the US West Coast. In the afternoon he presents during a breakout session on The Whole Whale. He - [Cascadia Welcomes Dr. Amy Van Cise!](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/amyvancise/) - We are pleased to announce that Dr. Amy Van Cise has joined the Cascadia team. Amy will be involved in work with both west coast baleen whales and Hawaiian odontocetes, undertaking analyses of photo-identification and tagging data sets, estimating abundance and examining spatial use, among other things. The photo above shows Amy holding a Hawaiian - [A Blue Whale's Heart Beat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/blue-whales-heart-beat/) - In August of 2018 a team of researchers from Cascadia Research and Standford University tagged a blue whale with an electrocardiogram (ECG)-depth recorder tag to measure and record heart rates and dive depths. This was to date the first attempt to measure a large whale's heart rate and the finidings were published on November 25 - [Cascadia at the Barcelona World Marine Mammal Conference 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/wmmcbarcelona2019/) - From December 7th-12th, 2019 Cascadia Research staff and affiliates will be participating in the World Marine Mammal Conference in Barcelona, Spain. Hosted by the Society for Marine Mammalogy and the European Cetacean Society, this meeting will bring together scientists, policymakers, and managers from over 60 countries for six days of sharing, learning, and constructive dialogue. - [Celebrating 40 years of Research and Education](https://cascadiaresearch.org/announcement/celebrating-40-years-research-and-education/) ## Employees - [Jack Barkowski ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jack-barkowski/) - Jack Barkowski started working with Cascadia Research Collective in September 2021, helping collect data and run surveys to monitor baleen whale presence and behavior near the open and close of the Dungeness Crab Fishery in California. He is working on his MSc at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, where he studies patterns in song and non-song humpback - [Jenn Tackaberry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jenn-tackaberry/) - Jenn Tackaberry is a Research Biologist with Cascadia Research and a Level 5 responder for the West Coast Large Whale Entanglement Response Network. She is co-directing a new collaborative initiative focused on West Coast whale entanglement research, response, and training housed at Cascadia. Jenn started studying marine mammals in 2004 and received her Master's degree from Moss Landing Marine - [James Fahlbusch](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/james-fahlbusch/) - Dr. James Fahlbusch is a marine biologist and bio-logging specialist with over a decade of field experience in some of the most remote ocean environments. Since 2012, he has been an integral part of Cascadia Research Collective’s West Coast team, where he conducts surveys and develops, deploys and analyzes multi-sensor tags for large whales. He - [Andi Gero](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/andi-gero/) - Andi Gero started at CRC in March 2023 as a West Coast intern while she transitioned out of the United States Army. She primarily works stranding response and research, and assists with a variety of West Coast projects. She holds a BS in Biology: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation from the University of Washington and is - [Alex Zerbini](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/alex-zerbini/) - Alex Zerbini started working as a Research Biologist with Cascadia Research in 2009. Alex has studied marine mammals since 1992. He studied taxonomy of southern minke whale species while a masters student in his home country of Brazil. He moved to the US in 1999 to pursue a Ph.D. at the University of Washington in 1999 and graduated in 2006. His research has - [Alie Perez](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/alie-perez/) - Alie Perez has been working with Cascadia Research since 2009 where she started as an intern while an undergraduate student. She received her BSc from the Evergreen State College in 2010. She primarily works on data and photo processing of baleen ENP species and photographic identification of gray whales. However, her emphasis has been helping to - [Elana Dobson](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/elana-dobson/) - Elana Dobson has been with Cascadia since 2011 when she started as an intern. She received her BSc from The Evergreen State College in 2010 with an emphasis in marine science. Elana’s primary focus has been on photo processing, photo-ID and data management in the West Coast Office. While humpbacks and blue whales are still part - [Alexandra Vanderzee](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/alexandra-vanderzee/) - Alexandra Vanderzee has been with Cascadia Research since 2011 where she started as an intern after graduating from Regent University in 2010 with a BS in Psychology. She is currently a graduate student at Oregon State University working on her Masters in Environmental Science with a focus in ecology. Alex has her hands in a wide - [Sabre Mahaffy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/sabre-mahaffy/) - Sabre Mahaffy began working with Cascadia Research in 2005. She currently manages several long-term photo-identification catalogs for Hawaiian odontocetes and has participated in field projects in Washington State and the Hawaiian Islands. Sabre received her Master's degree in biology from Portland State University in 2012 with her thesis focusing on the social organization and association patterns of short-finned pilot whales in Hawai‘i. Sabre can be reached at mahaffys@cascadiaresearch.org - [David Anderson](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/david-anderson/) - David Anderson has been with Cascadia Research since 2011, starting out as an intern while working on his Master of Environmental Studies degree at Evergreen. After his internship, he continued working with cascadia on his thesis project, Harbor porpoise return to the South Puget Sound: using bioacoustic methods to monitor a recovering population. Most of his - [Annette Harnish](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/annette-harnish/) - Annette Harnish started at Cascadia in 2017 as an intern with the Hawai'i project, following the completion of her BS in microbiology from Montana State University. She is the curator of Cascadia's Hawaiian common bottlenose dolphin catalog and has regularly assisted with various projects involving other Hawaiian cetacean species. Annette also helps to coordinate intern activites, primarily - [Jordan Lerma](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jordan-lerma/) - Jordan Lerma started working with Cascadia in 2017 as a volunteer, and has been one of the core Hawai‘i team members since 2018. In additional to field work, he has been involved in developing camera systems for use on longline vessels, developing standard operating procedures for UAV data collection like photogrammetry and breath sampling on - [Colin Cornforth](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/colin-cornforth/) - Colin Cornforth is one of our Hawai’i-based research team. He has a 100 ton USCG masters credential and helps run logistics for inter-island projects. He has long been working with marine wildlife in Hawai‘i as a leading captain out of Honokohau marina on Hawai‘i Island. He started as a volunteer with Cascadia and has been - [Michaela Kratofil](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/michaela-kratofil/) - Michaela Kratofil has been with Cascadia since 2018 when she started as an intern while pursuing a BSc in Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University. Her work primarily consists of analyzing telemetry data for research initiatives on Hawaiian odontocetes, although she is involved in a number of different studies concerning odontocete stock structure and - [Corinne Holland](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/corinne-holland/) - Corinne Holland is the Operations Manager for Cascadia Research, recently joining us in July of 2021. Corinne began her business career in San Diego, CA in the Real Estate Development field. After vacationing in OR and WA she fell in love with the PNW, planted her roots in Olympia, WA and transitioned her career to Community - [Jessie Huggins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jessie-huggins/) - Jessie Huggins has been with Cascadia Research since 2004. As our stranding coordinator, she takes the lead on Cascadia’s responses to and examinations of stranded marine mammals in Washington State, specializing in large whale and other cetacean strandings. Her research interests include marine mammal diseases, long-term stranding trends, and human impacts. In addition to running our - [Jessie Meyer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jessie-meyer/) - Jessie Meyer started working with Cascadia as a graduate intern in 2024 while pursuing a Master of Professional Science with the University of Miami. His final project explored long-term trends in Eastern North Pacific blue whale body condition from 1991–2023. Currently, he is expanding his body condition analysis comparing aerial and vessel-based methodologies. His research - [Shannon Barber-Meyer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/shannon-barber-meyer/) - Shannon Barber-Meyer is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research Collective. She is a broadly-trained research wildlife biologist having studied various species from dolphins to lynx, in diverse environments from tropical jungles to polar ice, utilizing many different research tools stretching from eDNA from wolf prints in snow to the capture-mark-recapture of whale flukes and tiger - [Hannah Clayton](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/hannah-clayton/) - Hannah Clayton started working with Cascadia Research in April 2021 on a project aiming to understand the functional context of acoustic calls made by Sounder gray whales using tag recordings. She is now a Ph.D. candidate in the Goldbogen Lab of Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University and National Science Foundation graduate fellow. Her research interests lie - [Doug Sandilands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/doug-sandilands/) - Doug Sandilands is a researcher and Level 5 large whale entanglement responder at Cascadia Research. Doug began his career at the Vancouver Aquarium in 2000 where he helped establish the BC Cetacean Sightings Network and co-founded Cetus Research and Conservation Society in 2005. He joined the Center for Coastal Studies in 2011, specializing in large - [Robin Baird](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/robin-baird/) - Robin Baird is a Research Biologist with Cascadia Research, joining in 2003. He first began working with whales and dolphins in 1985, and for many years his research focused on marine mammals in British Columbia. His current research focuses on Hawaiian odontocete population structure, abundance, ecology and anthropogenic impacts, including studies of false killer whales, pantropical spotted dolphins, dwarf sperm whales, - [Daniel Barrios](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/daniel-barrios/) - Daniel Barrios interned in the Hawai’i office while pursuing a Master’s in Professional Science with the University of Miami from 2022-23. His final thesis used long-term sighting and tag data to examine habitat differences between Cuvier’s and Blainville’s beaked whales, as well as spotted dolphin space use between seasons. Currently, he is working with Cascadia - [Jacquelyn Shaff](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/jacquelyn-shaff/) - Jackie Shaff started with Cascadia in 2019 as an intern for the Hawai’i project after finishing her BS in Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology from the University of California, Davis. Jackie also has a Master's in Marine Affairs from the University of Washington, where her thesis focuses on historical ecology and the role of local - [Greg Falxa](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/greg-falxa/) - Greg Falxa has been working off and on with Cascadia Research since its inception. He is a master electronics and radio technician and assisted with technical aspects of many Cascadia projects. His current research is focused on bat population surveys and studies of bat colonies in the Pacific Northwest using radio tracking, ultrasonic call analysis, and RADAR technologies. Currently, finding methods to - [Annie Gorgone](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/annie-gorgone/) - Annie Gorgone is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research. Annie has been involved in Hawaiian odontocete research since 2000, and has co-curated both the Hawai‘i bottlenose dolphin and false killer whale photo-identification catalogs. - [Frank Garita Alpízar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/frank-garita-alpizar/) - Frank Garita Alpízar is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research. Frank has been involved in research on the migration of humpback whales and the study of other marine mammal species along Central America with Cascadia Research and VIDA since 1996. As president of the Costa Rican environmental association VIDA he dedicates much of his time to environmental education programs in schools along the - [Kristin Rasmussen](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/kristin-rasmussen/) - Kristin Rasmussen is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research, and has worked with Cascadia since 1994. Her research has focused on humpback whales, with an emphasis on their wintering distribution along Central America where she has studied this species since 1996. She initiated a research effort on use of Central America as a wintering area for Southern Hemisphere humpback whales. She was Chief Scientist on a - [Daniel Webster ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/daniel-webster/) - Daniel Webster is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research. Daniel has been involved in Hawaiian odontocete research since 2000 and has worked with Cascadia Research since 2003. As well as involvement in suction-cup tagging, photo-identification and biopsy efforts Daniel has been involved in examining movements of Hawaiian odontocetes using satellite tags, as well as similar efforts in California, and participating in studies of killer - [Diane Alps](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/diane-alps/) - Diane Alps is a Research Associate with Cascadia Research. She has collaborated with Cascadia since 2005 by providing Southern California field support, education and outreach. Her primary research interests include boater interactions and whale watching impacts. She developed WhaleSAFE, an outreach program created to raise awareness about safe whale watching and responsible ecotourism. Diane is also a Marine - [Gretchen Steiger](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/gretchen-steiger/) - Gretchen Steiger was a Research Biologist at Cascadia Research since 1983, and died in April 2019 (click here to read the announcement of her passing). She conducted research on a number of species in many regions from the Arctic to Central America. She worked primarily as a writer and editor of scientific research proposals, reports and manuscripts. Recent projects included tracking reproductive rates - [Annie Douglas](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/annie-douglas/) - Annie Douglas is a Research Biologist with Cascadia Research, joining in 1997. She has been an active member of Cascadia's board since 2004 and is currently acting as president. She has assisted on numerous projects in the temperate and tropical eastern Pacific to identify and track individual whales and dolphins using photo-identification. Annie has led Road - [John Calambokidis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/staff/john-calambokidis/) - John Calambokidis is a Senior Research Biologist and one of the founders of Cascadia Research Collective, a non-profit research organization formed in 1979 based in Olympia, Washington. He periodically serves as an Adjunct Faculty at the Evergreen State College teaching a course on marine mammals. His primary interests are the biology of marine mammals and the impacts ## Interns - [Christina Verkhovliak](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/christina-verkhovliak/) - Hello everyone! My name is Christina Verkhovliak! I grew up in Ohio and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Exercise Science at The University of Akron. Always having a love for animals, I decided to switch my path and pursue a career in helping our wildlife and planet. Although I am still uncertain of what field - [Andi Gero](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/andi-gero/) - I graduated from the Biology: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation program at the University of Washington in 2019 and was commissioned into the Army as a Logistics Officer. As my time in service is coming to an end, I am excited to join the Cascadia Team and transition into the wildlife science community once again. I - [Makenzie Grider](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/makenzie-grider/) - I’m Makenzie and I am a Masters of Professional Science graduate student at the University of Miami on the marine mammal science track under Dr. Jill Richardson. For my thesis project, I will be examining the overwintering of humpback whales off of the coast of Monterey Bay, CA. As an undergrad, I studied marine biology - [Hadley Beahan](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/hadley-beahan/) - Hadley Beahan is a 2022 West Coast intern with a special interest in behavior and bioacoustics in cetaceans. Hadley is a recent graduate of CSU Channel Islands with a degree in biology and a background in environmental studies. Through CSUCI, Hadley has participated in restoration work on the Channel Islands as well as operated under - [Antonio Rowe](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/antonio-rowe/) - Howdy! My name is Antonio Rowe, but I also go by Tony. I am currently a senior at The Evergreen State College and will be graduating this fall once completing my time with Cascadia! I will be graduating with a B.S. & B.A in Marine Biology and Conservation Ecology. I am a military brat, so - [Robin Vance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/robin-vance/) - Robin is a West Coast intern with Cascadia for the 2021 winter season who currently lives in Olympia, Washington. Since attaining a bachelor’s degree in anthropology with a minor in environmental science from the University of Florida in 2017, she’s been involved in various conservation-related positions, including aiding with bird surveys, camera trapping, wildlife rehabilitation, - [Kiana Boyer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/kiana-boyer/) - Hello, I'm Kiana! I recently graduated from Pacific Lutheran University with a B.S. in Biology and I'm taking an extra year to pursue my interests in graphic design. I grew up in Southern California by the beach so the ocean has always held a special place in my heart. Throughout my college experience I had the opportunity - [Adam Lache](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/adam-lache/) - I’m Adam and I am a recent graduate of the University of Michigan where I received a B.S. in ecology, evolution and biodiversity. Previously, I have done research on the effectiveness of targeting the LIN28 pathway in embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes using DFMO as a chemotherapy. After listening to James Nestor’s TedTalk Deep Dive: - [Meg Vandenberg](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/meg-vandenberg/) - Hi! I’m Meg and I recently graduated from the University of Washington with a B.S in Biology. As an undergrad I studied rorqual whale baleen at Friday Harbor Laboratories (FHL) with Dr. Adam Summers and Dr. Shirel Kahane-Rapport. I recently submitted my first first-author publication for review, focusing on the morphological difference between baleen of - [Danny Barrios](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/danny-barrios/) - Hi! I’m Danny and I’m pursuing a Masters in Professional Science in Marine Mammal Sciences at the University of Miami. As part of my degree, I’ll be working on several projects looking at a spatial analysis of location data from beaked whales in Hawai’i, as well as seasonal signals in the area’s odontocetes. I got - [Claire Geiman](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/claire-geiman/) - Hi! I'm Claire, and I am a recent graduate of Seattle Pacific University, where I earned a Bachelor's degree in Biology. I was born and raised in the Pacific Northwest, which sparked my fascination in the ocean at a young age. I continued to pursue my interest in marine ecosystems at university, where I had - [Andrew Casillas](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/andrew-casillas/) - Hi! My name is Andrew Casillas, and I am a senior at Saint Martin's University getting a B.S. in Environmental Studies. I spent the first half of my life on the east side of Washington but would constantly take trips to Long Beach for vacation, which is where I found my initial love for the - [Kristen Alvstad](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/kristen-alvstad/) - Hi! My name is Kristen Alvstad and I am a senior at Oregon State University pursuing my Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology. I have had a wide range of experiences in college so far, from working with sea stars to salamanders, but I am especially excited to be working with marine mammal research for - [Claire Sprouse](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/claire-sprouse/) - Hi! My name is Claire, and I am a recent graduate of Southern New Hampshire University with a B.S. in Criminal Justice. I am an east coast transplant as of two years ago, and I have absolutely fallen in love with all that Washington has to offer. I recently finished an internship with the Hood Canal Salmon - [Annika Dawley](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/annika-dawley/) - Hi! My name is Annika Dawley and I am a Junior at Washington State University (Go Cougs!). I am in the Honors College majoring in Biology and minoring in Spanish. I am an Olympia local and have grown up loving the water. I love tidepooling, razor clamming, and trips out to Grayland Beach. My passion - [Rebecca Strauch](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/rebecca-strauch/) - Rebecca is an undergraduate student double-majoring in Biology and Philosophy at Whitworth University. Her passion for whales began as a childhood obsession that has since developed into an interest in cetacean research. It was this long-standing passion that led her to Cascadia, where she currently works as an intern for the Hawai'i Photo Identification Project. Prior to - [Landon Deatherage](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/landon-deatherage/) - Howdy! My name is Landon Deatherage and I am currently a senior about to graduate from Texas A&M University at Galveston this Fall with a B.S. in Marine Biology. I have lived in Texas all my life and most of my experience is working with terrestrial animals but have shifted my focus to marine mammals - [Jaime Rae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/jaime-rae/) - Hi! My name is Jaime Rae, and I recently graduated from Dalhousie University with a BSc in Marine Biology & Oceanography. I have a long-standing passion for marine mammal research, with a particular interest in anthropogenic threats, conservation, and behaviour. I am currently interning in the Hawai’i office, assisting with odontocete photo-identification projects. During my free - [Lauren Canto](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/lauren-canto/) - Hello! My name is Lauren Canto and I am currently a senior studying Ecology and Conservation Biology at the University of Idaho. I grew up in Seattle, Washington and have always had a passion for the ocean. Throughout my college experience, I have had some experience with photo ID through my internship last summer on - [Emily Gates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/emily-gates/) - Emily Gates is a Hawai’i project intern with Cascadia Research Collective who recently moved from her home state of Nebraska to the Pacific Northwest. She is a senior at Oregon State University pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree with a specialization in Marine Conservation Biology. She has plans to attend the Masters of Environmental Studies program at - [Katie Kolcun](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/katie-kolcun/) - Hi! My name is Katie Kolcun, and I’m a recent graduate of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis with a BS in Environmental Science. I’ve always had a fascination with wildlife, particularly reptiles and amphibians, but never had much exposure to marine biology growing up in a landlocked state. When I moved to Washington I fell in love - [Alex Daniels](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/alex-daniels/) - Hey everyone! My name is Alex Daniels, and I am going to be a senior at University of Wisconsin-Madison. I am getting my B.A. in Conservation Biology with a certificate in Environmental Studies. I have grown up with a passion for animals and the ocean, and I want to take that passion further to pursue - [Sarah Spencer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/sarah-spencer/) - Hi, my name is Sarah and I’m an intern with the Hawai’i project! This coming fall, I’ll be a senior at Stony Brook University and will be graduating with a B.S. in Marine Vertebrate Biology. I grew up in Upstate New York but I’ve always loved killer whales. When I took a trip to British - [Adi Rex](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/adi-rex/) - Adi Rex is a senior at The Evergreen State College in Olympia WA, pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Ecology and Climate Change. Originally from Montana, Adi grew up in the mountains, therefore enjoys all things outside, including hiking in the summer; skiing in the winter; whitewater kayaking; plus jumping into high alpine lakes. She appreciates, most of all, being outside and - [Vicky Gomez](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/vicky-gomez/) - Hola! Vicky is a recent first generation Latina biology graduate from Portland State University. Born and raised in the nation's capital she has worked towards conservation and environmental issues through several nonprofits. She is thrilled to be spending her summer working with Cascadia on a pacific harbor seal project she began drafting as a senior. - [Sarah Hensley](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/sarah-hensley/) - Hi everyone! My name is Sarah Hensley, and I am currently pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology at the University of Washington. Having a love for animals, I have found conservation work particularly interesting. Looking to learn more, I have taken several animal science classes that have further sparked my interest. In specific, I - [Katie O'Dea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/katie-odea/) - Katie is a senior at Washington State University, where she is pursuing a B.S. in Earth & Environmental Science, with a focus in Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Sciences and a minor in Forestry. She is also secretary of the WSU Zoology club and a member of the WSU Wildlife Society. Despite growing up inland in - [Elijah Ward](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/elijah-ward/) - Hello everyone! My name is Elijah Ward and I graduated from Ursinus College with a bachelor's degree in biology and a minor in education. My hometown is located in New York state, and I plan to one day go and obtain a master's degree to become a zoologist that travels the world helping endangered species - [Nana Edamoto](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/nana-edamoto/) - Nana Edamoto is an international student from Japan, completed Associate in Biology at South Puget Sound Community College. Nana grew up in the city surrounded by mountains. Therefore, she enjoys outside activities. She likes to farm, hike and swim in the ocean. She goes to Nepal every summer, and stays about a month in the very - [Stephanie Buxel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/stephanie-buxel/) - I am interning on the stranded team working on adding histology reports into our database and assisting on necropsies. I am also interning with Harbor Wildwatch and assisting in research with UW-Seattle Dept. of Anthropology. I have degrees in Biology and Anthropology. I have taught Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy at UW-Madison from 2012-2017. I have also - [Ashley Hrkach](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/ashley-hrkach/) - My name is Ashley and I am a Fall 2020 senior at The Evergreen State College pursuing my Bachelor's of Science. I was born and raised in Melbourne Beach, Florida where I lived between a river and the sea. There is something to be said of growing up by the sea. It cultivates a deep-seeded - [Kira Telford](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/kira-telford/) - Last May I graduated from the University of Miami with a B.S. in Biology with minors in Marine Science and Art. I was born and raised in Chicago but I’m excited to finally be living out in the PNW! I’ve always had a passion for science and research, and marine biology became an strong interest after I got my SCUBA certification at 12 years old. However, it - [Rhema Neas](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/rhema-neas/) - Rhema Neas, a lifetime Washingtonian, is an almost senior at The Evergreen State College. She is currently working on a Bachelor’s of Science. Her main passion in life is marine ecology, and everything to do with the ocean. (Primarily marine mammals!) She loves seeing women working in the STEM fields, and hopes in time to - [Makayla Guinn](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/makayla-guinn/) - Hey, y’all! My name is Makayla and I am a Texas native honored to join Cascadia as a 2020 West Coast summer intern. I am currently a senior at Baylor University in Waco, Texas where I am pursuing a B.S. in Biology with a concentration in Ecology. At Baylor I am an undergrad researcher in - [Irissa Danke](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/irissa-danke/) - Irissa is excited to be working in the West Coast office this summer. She is a junior at the University of Washington majoring in marine biology and lives in Olympia. Irissa transferred to the University of Washington in the winter of 2020 after completing one year at the United States Coast Guard Academy. Among her - [Macy Gosselaar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/macy-gosselaar/) - My name is Macy Gosselaar and I graduated from Ottawa University with a B.S. in biology. I am originally from the Netherlands but have resided in Kansas for the majority of my life. I was fortunate enough to have family who lived in the Pacific Northwest and was able to visit Vancouver, British Columbia for - [Samantha Norberg](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/samantha-norberg/) - Born in rural Nebraska, Sam grew up on her family farm. Raising cattle, rabbits, and goats, and often bottle-feeding the orphans and rejected young, she developed a strong passion for animal welfare. Her love of nature brought her to Washington State in 2015 and she and her partner Josh called Harstine Island their forever home. - [Bethany Reaves](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/bethany-reaves/) - Bethany is honored to join Cascadia Research Collective as a 2019 summer intern. She graduated with honors from Emmanuel College in 2017 where she received a B.S. in Biology with a concentration in Marine Science. Her undergraduate research was conducted through The University of Georgia’s Marine Institute on Sapelo Island, GA where she conducted an - [Giovanni Galarza](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/giovanni-galarza/) - Giovanni is a returning intern to the US West Coast department at Cascadia Research Collective, and a senior undergrad at the Evergreen State College pursuing a BA/BS with emphasis in marine science. He attended Whatcom Community College in Bellingham, WA for a year after graduating high school in 2013, after which he took a two-year - [KC Hambleton](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/kc-hambleton/) - KC Hambleton is a west coast office research intern from Boston, Massachusetts. She currently lives and works at St. Paul’s School in Concord, New Hampshire, where she teaches Biology, Chemistry, and Marine Biology, coaches field hockey and lacrosse, and runs a girls dorm. KC grew up spending her summers on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, swimming, sailing, - [Alexandra Chu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/alexandra-chu/) - My name is Alexandra and I am an undergrad at the University of California Davis, pursuing a B.S. in Marine and Coastal Science with a focus on organismal biology and marine ecology and a minor in French. I was born and raised in New York and I speak French and English. I have always had a - [Guanbo Wang](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/guanbo-wang/) - My name is Guanbo and I am a masters student from Northeastern University Three Seas Program. I was born and grew up in north China and went to ShenZhen University for my undergraduate studies, which is located in the south end of the country. I spent a year and a half working in an algal - [Michaela Kratofil](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/michaela-kratofil/) - I am an undergraduate at Michigan State University and will be finishing my bachelor’s degree in Fisheries and Wildlife this upcoming December. This is round 2 for me at Cascadia- I interned in the Hawaii office last summer and am back this summer to work on various data analyses/research projects. Over the past year or - [Clay Wilburn](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/clay-wilburn/) - I am a graduate of East Tennessee State University with a bachelors degree in Biology, and a native Tennessean. I came to Washington to get my first taste of field research and the west coast. I enjoy hiking, birding, and just being outdoors in general. I have always found great joy in being out and learning about wildlife since I was young. This lead - [Emilia Omerberg](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/emilia-omerberg/) - Hi I’m Emilia and I’m from San Francisco! Currently I’m working on my Masters of Environmental Studies at Evergreen State College. I graduated a few years ago from Oberlin College where I majored in biology and environmental studies. I am interested in environmental conservation and wildlife biology. I just finished up an internship at The - [Emilee Slaght](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/emilee-slaght/) - My name is Emilee and I am a senior finishing up on my BA/BS at The Evergreen State College here in Olympia. Originally from Illinois, all of my concentrations on marine science were limited to what I could find on the internet and watch on television. On the two family vacations to Florida when I - [Olivia Horwedel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/olivia-horwedel/) - I am a recent graduate of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, my home for the last twenty two years. Growing up in a state surrounded by water gave me a deep passion for all things aquatic, but seeing the ocean for the first time at the age of sixteen was what deepened my - [Kathleen Gill](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/kathleen-gill/) - I was born and raised in Alaska, where I spent most of my time outdoors in nature hiking, camping, kayaking, and tide pooling. I moved to the Pacific Northwest to attend the University of Washington in Seattle. I graduated with a B.S. in Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, a B.S. in Wildlife Conservation, and a Minor - [Brianna Gage](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/brianna-gage/) - As a native Washingtonian, being outdoors always sparked my curiosity and passion for knowledge. Whether I was summiting Mount Si with my family, climbing a cedar tree in my back yard, or sketching marine life near the beach, the Pacific Northwest has provided me with endless inspiration. I could make animal sounds before I could form words, - [Luke Richmond](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/luke-richmond/) - I am a student at Saint Martin’s University in Lacey, WA, looking to finish my Bachelor’s in Environmental Studies in the Spring of 2019. As a kid in middle school, I went on a sailing/marine science overnight field trip on a sail boat and fell in love with the idea of marine studies. My favorite - [Suzanna Mickey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/suzanna-mickey/) - I am a recent graduate from Coker College in Hartsville, South Carolina where I studied biology with a concentration in ecology. I’ve always been fascinated by the ocean, and I’ve been whale watching from Hawaii to the Azores, but after taking a marine mammals summer course at Duke University’s Marine Lab in Beaufort, North Carolina I decided to - [Alex Pavlinovic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/alex-pavlinovic/) - Alex is a Northwest native who grew up in Seattle. Through spending a great deal of time outdoors in his childhood, he grew to have a fascination with the ocean and the creatures inside of it. After a visit to the San Juan Islands where he was able to lucky enough to see a pod - [Katy Frey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/katy-frey/) - Hi! I am a Jersey girl born and bred whose love for the ocean and all its critters started at a young age. I love being outdoors, whether diving on reefs or hiking in the mountains, and travelling to as many corners of the world as I possibly can. I graduated from Michigan State University - [Jaemi Salazar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern/jaemi-salazar/) - Jaemi is a recent college graduate from Oregon State University. She is from Seattle and has been interested in marine mammals since she was a young child. Her time volunteering at the Seattle aquarium in high school is what really sparked her desire to study fisheries and wildlife at Oregon State. Jaemi also spent time ## Birds - [Laughing Gull](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/laughing-gull/) - [Christmas Shearwater - ʻAoʻū](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/christmas-shearwater-ʻaoʻu/) - [Tristram's Storm Petrel - ‘Akihike‘ehi‘ale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/tristrams-storm-petrel-akihikeehiale/) - [Brown Booby - ʻĀ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/brown-booby-ʻa/) - [Great Frigatebird - ʻIwa](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/great-frigatebird-ʻiwa/) - [Red-necked Phalarope](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/red-necked-phalarope/) - [Parasitic Jaeger](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/parasitic-jaeger/) - [Arctic Tern](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/arctic-tern/) - [Bridled Tern](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/bridled-tern/) - [Brown Noddy - Noio kōhā](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/brown-noddy-noio-koha/) - [Nazca Booby](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/nazca-booby/) - [Red-footed Booby - ʻĀ ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/red-footed-booby-ʻa/) - [White-tailed Tropicbird - Koaʻe kea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/white-tailed-tropicbird-koaʻe-kea/) - [Long-tailed Jaeger](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/long-tailed-jaeger/) - [South Polar Skua](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/south-polar-skua/) - [Sooty Tern - ʻEwaʻewa](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/sooty-tern-ʻewaʻewa/) - [Least Tern](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/least-tern/) - [Blue-gray Noddy - Hinaokū/Manuohina](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/blue-gray-noddy-hinaoku-manuohina/) - [Glaucous-winged Gull](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/glaucous-winged-gull/) - [Northern Fulmar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/northern-fulmar/) - [Kermadec Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/kermadec-petrel/) - [Mottled Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/mottled-petrel/) - [Stejneger's Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/stejnegers-petrel/) - [Tahiti Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/tahiti-petrel/) - [Buller's Shearwater](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/bullers-shearwater/) - [Ainley's Storm Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/ainleys-storm-petrel/) - [Newell's Shearwater - ʻAʻo](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/newells-shearwater-ʻaʻo/) - [Sooty Shearwater](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/sooty-shearwater/) - [Bulwer's Petrel - ʻOu ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/bulwers-petrel-ʻou/) - [Black-winged Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/black-winged-petrel/) - [Hawaiian Petrel - ʻUaʻu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/hawaiian-petrel-ʻuaʻu/) - [Black-footed Albatross - Ka‘upu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/black-footed-albatross-kaupu/) - [Murphy's Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/murphys-petrel/) - [Cook's Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/cooks-petrel/) - [Bonin's Petrel - Nunulu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/bonins-petrel-nunulu/) - [Wedge-tailed Shearwater - ʻUaʻu kani](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/wedge-tailed-shearwater-ʻuaʻu-kani/) - [Short-tailed Shearwater](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/short-tailed-shearwater/) - [Leach's Storm Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/leachs-storm-petrel/) - [Band-rumped Storm Petrel - ʻAkēʻakē](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/band-rumped-storm-petrel-ʻakeʻake/) - [Masked Booby - ʻĀ](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/masked-booby-ʻa/) - [Red-tailed Tropicbird - Koaʻe ʻula](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/red-tailed-tropicbird-koaʻe-ʻula/) - [Red Phalarope](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/red-phalarope/) - [Pomarine Jaeger](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/pomarine-jaeger/) - [Gray-backed Tern - Pākalakala](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/gray-backed-tern-pakalakala/) - [White Tern - Manu o Kū](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/white-tern-manu-o-ku/) - [Black Noddy - Noio](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/black-noddy-noio/) - [Franklin's Gull](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/franklins-gull/) - [Laysan Albatross - Mōlī](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/laysan-albatross-moli/) - [White-necked Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/white-necked-petrel/) - [Juan Fernandez Petrel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/bird/juan-fernandez-petrel/) ## PCFG Gray Whales - [PCFG CRC ID #2408](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2408/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2424](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2424/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2425](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2425/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2394](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2394/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2398](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2398/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2401](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2401/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2389](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2389/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2390](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2390/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2392](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2392/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2358](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2358/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2367](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2367/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2370](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2370/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2297](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2297/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2351](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2351/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2354](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2354/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2277](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2277/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2280](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2280/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2289](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2289/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2222](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2222/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2241](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2241/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2243](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2243/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2218](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2218/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2219](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2219/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2221](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2221/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2191](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2191/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2192](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2192/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2197](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2197/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2182](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2182/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2185](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2185/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2187](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2187/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1902](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1902/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1903](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1903/) - [PCFG CRC ID #2171](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-2171/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1897](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1897/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1900](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1900/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1901](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1901/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1863](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1863/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1864](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1864/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1868](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1868/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1853](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1853/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1854](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1854/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1859](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1859/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1838](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1838/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1840](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1840/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1850](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1850/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1822](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1822/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1830](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1830/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1837](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1837/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1802](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1802/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1806](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1806/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1819](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1819/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1779](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1779/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1782](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1782/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1801](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1801/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1757](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1757/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1758](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1758/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1766](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1766/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1752](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1752/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1753](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1753/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1754](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1754/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1739](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1739/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1741](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1741/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1751](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1751/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1720](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1720/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1723](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1723/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1736](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1736/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1693](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1693/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1702](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1702/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1718](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1718/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1654](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1654/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1655](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1655/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1681](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1681/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1647](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1647/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1648](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1648/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1652](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1652/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1625](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1625/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1639](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1639/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1646](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1646/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1619](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1619/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1622](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1622/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1623](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1623/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1601](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1601/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1604](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1604/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1610](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1610/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1571](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1571/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1574](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1574/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1586](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1586/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1528](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1528/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1551](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1551/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1559](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1559/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1517](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1517/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1521](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1521/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1523](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1523/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1511](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1511/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1512](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1512/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1513](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1513/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1506](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1506/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1509](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1509/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1510](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1510/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1430](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1430/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1455](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1455/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1505](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1505/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1424](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1424/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1425](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1425/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1428](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1428/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1384](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1384/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1413](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1413/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1420](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1420/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1309](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1309/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1330](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1330/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1350](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1350/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1256](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1256/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1258](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1258/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1303](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1303/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1237](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1237/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1246](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1246/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1254](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1254/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1231](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1231/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1234](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1234/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1236](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1236/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1201](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1201/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1208](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1208/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1216](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1216/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1154](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1154/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1172](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1172/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1176](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1176/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1111](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1111/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1118](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1118/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1125](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1125/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1107](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1107/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1108](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1108/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1110](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1110/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1100](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1100/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1105](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1105/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1106](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1106/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1089](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1089/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1095](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1095/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1098](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1098/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1070](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1070/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1072](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1072/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1083](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1083/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1059](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1059/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1062](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1062/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1067](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1067/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1053](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1053/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1054](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1054/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1056](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1056/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1047](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1047/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1051](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1051/) - [PCFG CRC ID #1052](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-1052/) - [PCFG CRC ID #992](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-992/) - [PCFG CRC ID #993](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-993/) - [PCFG CRC ID #995](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-995/) - [PCFG CRC ID #987](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-987/) - [PCFG CRC ID #990](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-990/) - [PCFG CRC ID #991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-991/) - [PCFG CRC ID #974](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-974/) - [PCFG CRC ID #981](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-981/) - [PCFG CRC ID #986](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-986/) - [PCFG CRC ID #950](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-950/) - [PCFG CRC ID #959](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-959/) - [PCFG CRC ID #973](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-973/) - [PCFG CRC ID #900](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-900/) - [PCFG CRC ID #918](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-918/) - [PCFG CRC ID #932](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-932/) - [PCFG CRC ID #882](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-882/) - [PCFG CRC ID #893](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-893/) - [PCFG CRC ID #899](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-899/) - [PCFG CRC ID #877](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-877/) - [PCFG CRC ID #878](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-878/) - [PCFG CRC ID #880](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-880/) - [PCFG CRC ID #860](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-860/) - [PCFG CRC ID #866](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-866/) - [PCFG CRC ID #872](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-872/) - [PCFG CRC ID #857](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-857/) - [PCFG CRC ID #858](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-858/) - [PCFG CRC ID #859](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-859/) - [PCFG CRC ID #850](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-850/) - [PCFG CRC ID #851](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-851/) - [PCFG CRC ID #854](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-854/) - [PCFG CRC ID #839](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-839/) - [PCFG CRC ID #840](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-840/) - [PCFG CRC ID #842](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-842/) - [PCFG CRC ID #826](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-826-2/) - [PCFG CRC ID #827](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-827/) - [PCFG CRC ID #834](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-834/) - [PCFG CRC ID #826](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-826/) - [PCFG CRC ID #815](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-815/) - [PCFG CRC ID #818](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-818/) - [PCFG CRC ID #819](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-819/) - [PCFG CRC ID #823](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-823/) - [PCFG CRC ID #824](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-824/) - [PCFG CRC ID #797](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-797/) - [PCFG CRC ID #800](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-800/) - [PCFG CRC ID #803](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-803/) - [PCFG CRC ID #804](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-804/) - [PCFG CRC ID #813](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-813/) - [PCFG CRC ID #788](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-788/) - [PCFG CRC ID #789](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-789/) - [PCFG CRC ID #791](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-791/) - [PCFG CRC ID #792](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-792/) - [PCFG CRC ID #795](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-795/) - [PCFG CRC ID #780](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-780/) - [PCFG CRC ID #782](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-782/) - [PCFG CRC ID #785](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-785/) - [PCFG CRC ID #786](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-786/) - [PCFG CRC ID #787](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-787/) - [PCFG CRC ID #759](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-759/) - [PCFG CRC ID #760](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-760/) - [PCFG CRC ID #761](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-761/) - [PCFG CRC ID #762](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-762/) - [PCFG CRC ID #763](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-763/) - [PCFG CRC ID #714](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-714/) - [PCFG CRC ID #717](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-717/) - [PCFG CRC ID #718](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-718/) - [PCFG CRC ID #719](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-719/) - [PCFG CRC ID #720](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-720/) - [PCFG CRC ID #699](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-699/) - [PCFG CRC ID #701](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-701/) - [PCFG CRC ID #703](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-703/) - [PCFG CRC ID #709](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-709/) - [PCFG CRC ID #712](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-712/) - [PCFG CRC ID #691](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-691/) - [PCFG CRC ID #694](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-694/) - [PCFG CRC ID #696](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-696/) - [PCFG CRC ID #697](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-697/) - [PCFG CRC ID #698](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-698/) - [PCFG CRC ID #675](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-675/) - [PCFG CRC ID #682](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-682/) - [PCFG CRC ID #684](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-684/) - [PCFG CRC ID #687](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-687/) - [PCFG CRC ID #688](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-688/) - [PCFG CRC ID #668](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-668/) - [PCFG CRC ID #669](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-669/) - [PCFG CRC ID #670](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-670/) - [PCFG CRC ID #671](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-671/) - [PCFG CRC ID #674](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-674/) - [PCFG CRC ID #653](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-653/) - [PCFG CRC ID #655](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-655/) - [PCFG CRC ID #656](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-656/) - [PCFG CRC ID #657](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-657/) - [PCFG CRC ID #659](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-659/) - [PCFG CRC ID #639](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-639/) - [PCFG CRC ID #641](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-641/) - [PCFG CRC ID #642](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-642/) - [PCFG CRC ID #643](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-643/) - [PCFG CRC ID #651](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-651/) - [PCFG CRC ID #628](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-628/) - [PCFG CRC ID #629](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-629/) - [PCFG CRC ID #635](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-635/) - [PCFG CRC ID #637](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-637/) - [PCFG CRC ID #638](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-638/) - [PCFG CRC ID #611](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-611/) - [PCFG CRC ID #612](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-612/) - [PCFG CRC ID #613](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-613/) - [PCFG CRC ID #615](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-615/) - [PCFG CRC ID #625](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-625/) - [PCFG CRC ID #597](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-597/) - [PCFG CRC ID #601](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-601/) - [PCFG CRC ID #604](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-604/) - [PCFG CRC ID #605](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-605/) - [PCFG CRC ID #607](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-607/) - [PCFG CRC ID #584](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-584/) - [PCFG CRC ID #586](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-586/) - [PCFG CRC ID #587](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-587/) - [PCFG CRC ID #594](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-594/) - [PCFG CRC ID #596](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-596/) - [PCFG CRC ID #567](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-567/) - [PCFG CRC ID #572](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-572/) - [PCFG CRC ID #577](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-577/) - [PCFG CRC ID #581](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-581/) - [PCFG CRC ID #583](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-583/) - [PCFG CRC ID #555](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-555/) - [PCFG CRC ID #561](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-561/) - [PCFG CRC ID #562](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-562/) - [PCFG CRC ID #565](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-565/) - [PCFG CRC ID #566](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-566/) - [PCFG CRC ID #538](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-538/) - [PCFG CRC ID #542](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-542/) - [PCFG CRC ID #551](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-551/) - [PCFG CRC ID #552](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-552/) - [PCFG CRC ID #554](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-554/) - [PCFG CRC ID #515](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-515/) - [PCFG CRC ID #525](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-525/) - [PCFG CRC ID #529](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-529/) - [PCFG CRC ID #532](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-532/) - [PCFG CRC ID #537](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-537/) - [PCFG CRC ID #411](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-411/) - [PCFG CRC ID #451](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-451/) - [PCFG CRC ID #464](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-464/) - [PCFG CRC ID #510](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-510/) - [PCFG CRC ID #366](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-366/) - [PCFG CRC ID #368](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-368/) - [PCFG CRC ID #372](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-372/) - [PCFG CRC ID #392](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-392/) - [PCFG CRC ID #396](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-396/) - [PCFG CRC ID #328](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-328/) - [PCFG CRC ID #329](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-329/) - [PCFG CRC ID #330](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-330/) - [PCFG CRC ID #364](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-364/) - [PCFG CRC ID #365](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-365/) - [PCFG CRC ID #323](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-323/) - [PCFG CRC ID #324](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-324/) - [PCFG CRC ID #325](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-325/) - [PCFG CRC ID #326](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-326/) - [PCFG CRC ID #327](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-327/) - [PCFG CRC ID #317](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-317/) - [PCFG CRC ID #319](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-319/) - [PCFG CRC ID #320](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-320/) - [PCFG CRC ID #321](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-321/) - [PCFG CRC ID #322](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-322/) - [PCFG CRC ID #311](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-311/) - [PCFG CRC ID #312](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-312/) - [PCFG CRC ID #314](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-314/) - [PCFG CRC ID #315](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-315/) - [PCFG CRC ID #316](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-316/) - [PCFG CRC ID #303](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-303/) - [PCFG CRC ID #306](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-306/) - [PCFG CRC ID #308](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-308/) - [PCFG CRC ID #309](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-309/) - [PCFG CRC ID #310](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-310/) - [PCFG CRC ID #296](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-296/) - [PCFG CRC ID #297](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-297/) - [PCFG CRC ID #300](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-300/) - [PCFG CRC ID #301](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-301/) - [PCFG CRC ID #302](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-302/) - [PCFG CRC ID #286](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-286/) - [PCFG CRC ID #289](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-289/) - [PCFG CRC ID #291](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-291/) - [PCFG CRC ID #293](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-293/) - [PCFG CRC ID #295](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-295/) - [PCFG CRC ID #278](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-278/) - [PCFG CRC ID #280](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-280/) - [PCFG CRC ID #281](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-281/) - [PCFG CRC ID #284](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-284/) - [PCFG CRC ID #285](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-285/) - [PCFG CRC ID #261](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-261/) - [PCFG CRC ID #274](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-274/) - [PCFG CRC ID #275](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-275/) - [PCFG CRC ID #276](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-276/) - [PCFG CRC ID #277](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-277/) - [PCFG CRC ID #237](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-237/) - [PCFG CRC ID #238](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-238/) - [PCFG CRC ID #242](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-242/) - [PCFG CRC ID #244](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-244/) - [PCFG CRC ID #254](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-254/) - [PCFG CRC ID #231](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-231/) - [PCFG CRC ID #232](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-232/) - [PCFG CRC ID #233](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-233/) - [PCFG CRC ID #234](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-234/) - [PCFG CRC ID #236](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-236/) - [PCFG CRC ID #216](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-216/) - [PCFG CRC ID #219](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-219/) - [PCFG CRC ID #226](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-226/) - [PCFG CRC ID #227](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-227/) - [PCFG CRC ID #229](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-229/) - [PCFG CRC ID #206](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-206/) - [PCFG CRC ID #209](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-209/) - [PCFG CRC ID #210](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-210/) - [PCFG CRC ID #212](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-212/) - [PCFG CRC ID #215](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-215/) - [PCFG CRC ID #192](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-192/) - [PCFG CRC ID #193](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-193/) - [PCFG CRC ID #196](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-196/) - [PCFG CRC ID #204](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-204/) - [PCFG CRC ID #205](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-205/) - [PCFG CRC ID #180](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-180/) - [PCFG CRC ID #185](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-185/) - [PCFG CRC ID #186](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-186/) - [PCFG CRC ID #187](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-187/) - [PCFG CRC ID #191](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-191/) - [PCFG CRC ID #171](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-171/) - [PCFG CRC ID #174](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-174/) - [PCFG CRC ID #175](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-175/) - [PCFG CRC ID #177](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-177/) - [PCFG CRC ID #178](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-178/) - [PCFG CRC ID #153](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-153/) - [PCFG CRC ID #154](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-154/) - [PCFG CRC ID #164](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-164/) - [PCFG CRC ID #166](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-166/) - [PCFG CRC ID #169](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-169/) - [PCFG CRC ID #145](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-145/) - [PCFG CRC ID #149](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-149/) - [PCFG CRC ID #150](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-150/) - [PCFG CRC ID #151](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-151/) - [PCFG CRC ID #152](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-152/) - [PCFG CRC ID #138](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-138/) - [PCFG CRC ID #140](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-140/) - [PCFG CRC ID #141](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-141/) - [PCFG CRC ID #143](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-143/) - [PCFG CRC ID #144](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-144/) - [PCFG CRC ID #126](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-126/) - [PCFG CRC ID #127](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-127/) - [PCFG CRC ID #130](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-130/) - [PCFG CRC ID #135](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-135/) - [PCFG CRC ID #136](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-136/) - [PCFG CRC ID #101](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-101/) - [PCFG CRC ID #105](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-105/) - [PCFG CRC ID #107](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-107/) - [PCFG CRC ID #120](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-120/) - [PCFG CRC ID #123](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-123/) - [PCFG CRC ID #91](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-91/) - [PCFG CRC ID #92](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-92/) - [PCFG CRC ID #93](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-93/) - [PCFG CRC ID #94](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-94/) - [PCFG CRC ID #98](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-98/) - [PCFG CRC ID #85](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-85/) - [PCFG CRC ID #86](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-86/) - [PCFG CRC ID #87](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-87/) - [PCFG CRC ID #88](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-88/) - [PCFG CRC ID #89](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-89/) - [PCFG CRC ID #79](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-79/) - [PCFG CRC ID #80](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-80/) - [PCFG CRC ID #81](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-81/) - [PCFG CRC ID #83](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-83/) - [PCFG CRC ID #84](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-84/) - [PCFG CRC ID #65](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-65/) - [PCFG CRC ID #67](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-67/) - [PCFG CRC ID #68](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-68/) - [PCFG CRC ID #73](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-73/) - [PCFG CRC ID #76](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-76/) - [PCFG CRC ID #37](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-37/) - [PCFG CRC ID #41](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-41/) - [PCFG CRC ID #42](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-42/) - [PCFG CRC ID #43](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-43/) - [PCFG CRC ID #64](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-64/) - [PCFG CRC ID #6](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-6/) - [PCFG CRC ID #14](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-14/) - [PCFG CRC ID #15](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-15/) - [PCFG CRC ID #30](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-30/) - [PCFG CRC ID #32](https://cascadiaresearch.org/pcfg-gray-whale/pcfg-crc-id-32/) ## Splash Signatures - [Representative, Ever-lasting Nature of Asia (ELNA) - Akira Fujino](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/representative-ever-lasting-nature-of-asia-elna-akira-fujino/) - info@bonin-ocean.net - [Ever-lasting Nature I - Akira Fujino](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/ever-lasting-nature-i-akira-fujino/) - [Ever-lasting Nature of Asia (ELNA) - Akira Fujino](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/ever-lasting-nature-of-asia-elna-akira-fujino/) - info@bonin-ocean.net https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=66d522b50e3da7.23756308&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=cc43d3c7a9905917f6e455191f7778b14885b98c933f1c5ad347fc16821ac130 - [Okinawa Churashima Foundation Research Institute - Nozomi Kobayashi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/okinawa-churashima-foundation-research-institute-nozomi-kobayashi/) - n-kobayashi@okichura.jp https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=66ed32f11bcad2.48760449&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=69db64b2965f27117ec0f423305cb932cda54cdef00d63e1a48ce9dbdaa74eb7 - [Ogasawara Whale Watching Association - Yukihiro Ota](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/ogasawara-whale-watching-association-yukihiro-ota/) - info@owa1989.com https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=66d03c95cd9bc2.69860097&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=92fbb95df490baf1cf00c33cce75bcb1e8d81a6e8bbec7b9453ad119ff2e282c - [Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur - Jorge Urban](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/universidad-autonoma-de-baja-california-sur-jorge-urban/) - jurban@uabcs.mx https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=6657b0d7155fe1.94566027&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=db4be6243eb84754408985827fdd173b3f2f17cdb76cc0e2415d489a012baf29 - [NOAA- PIFSC - Erin Oleson](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/noaa-pifsc-erin-oleson/) - erin.oleson@noaa.gov https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=65b30f0f354811.67474196&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=e20ae909c040a878e0b396e26311aa51fe03a8e713d28db153e7b87cba04152e - [Humpback Whales of the Salish Sea - Tasli Shaw](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/humpback-whales-of-the-salish-sea-tasli-shaw/) - taslishaw@gmail.com https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=65bb4486a08e81.43255318&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=7dcfc6934bc0f2379b502a7032b364da746724f0ab4cdc52ffa3d193859e27f7 - [MERS Marine Education and Research Society - Nicole Doe](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/mers-marine-education-and-research-society-nicole-doe/) - nicole@mersociety.org https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=65cfe37b983368.33197863&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=f7fee7712829326f81f75485e6b3a065487c31ad7a3c8f474154e624d3bf7dc9 - [Happywhale and Southern Cross Univeristy - Ted Cheeseman](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/happywhale-and-southern-cross-univeristy-ted-cheeseman/) - ted@happywhale.com https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=657a0121089941.29928649&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=8f3708c680a800ed0efd6d610e0345ef2e053200293027809b6723a5f3d88c09 - [Independent Researcher, BarlowAGAD.com - Jay Barlow](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/independent-researcher-barlowagad-com-jay-barlow/) - jaybarlow33@yahoo.com https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=65778f7ddcb793.53772510&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=0e0c7346d6be30a8eed4ef233126f7e04a98fdc61aad90ec50ad50fa7556f38e - [NOAA SWFSC - Jeffrey Moore](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/noaa-swfsc-jeffrey-moore/) - jeff.e.moore@noaa.gov https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=657779edd1be35.97125892&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=45c95e0b1e9709461ccf0501b9dbe440933e809e74398f21e9fefc85c6f91193 - [Cascadia Research Collective - John Calambokidis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/splash-signature/cascadia-research-collective-john-calambokidis/) - calambokidis@cascadiaresearch.org https://cascadiaresearch.org/index.php?gf-signature=65693cff704149.39092015&form-id=1&field-id=7&hash=7eb221bf9797411ae8c6694a0db9f9815925421990e5ac4f2168117cb4bde0f6 ## Documents - [Kinematic Detection of Prey Capture Reveals Sex Reversals in Foraging Behavior Between Two Populations of Fish-Eating Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tennessen_etal_2019smm/) - [From Feast Mode to Least Mode: How Lunge Filter Feeding Biomechanics Constrain Rorqual Foraging Ecology Across Scale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kahanerapport_etal_2019smm/) - [Fine-Scale Oceanographic Drivers of Foraging in California Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fahlbusch_etal_2019smm/) - [Atlantic Behavioral Response Study - Responses of Cuvier's Beaked Whales and Short-Finned Pilot Whales to Military Sonar off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southall_etal_2019smm/) - [Extreme Synchrony in Diving Behavior of Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cioffi_etal_2019smm/) - [Islands in the Stream: Movement Patterns of Satellite-Tagged Pilot Whales in the South Atlantic Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foley_etal_2019smm/) - [Measuring Nares Expansion Reveals Variability in Breath Area and Duration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nazario_etal_2019smm/) - [Integrating Remote Sensing Methods to Measure Social Delphinid Baseline Behavior and Responses to Navy Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/casey_etal_2019smm/) - [Effects of Vessels and Their Sounds on the Foraging Drivers of Endangered Fish-Eating Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/holt_etal_2019smm/) - [Global Dataset of Killer Whale Genomes Reveal a Complex History of Recurrent Admixture and Vicariance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foote_etal_2019smm/) - [Oceanographic Barriers, Divergence, and Admixture: Phylogeography and Taxonomy of Two Putative Subspecies of Short-Finned Pilot Whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vancise_etal_2019smm/) - [Hide and RADseq: Revealing Global Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Two Enigmatic Beaked Whale Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/onoufriou_etal_2019smm/) - [Abundance, Population Growth and Latent Mortality of Humpback Whales in the Gulf of Maine in Relation to Human Activities](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/robbins_etal_2019smm/) - [Interactions Between Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and the Atlantic Pelagic Longline Fishery in Cape Hatteras Special Research Area (CHSRA) off Cape Hatteras, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mesa_etal_2019smm/) - [Stressed and Slim or Relaxed and Chubby? A Simultaneous Assessment of Gray Whale Body Condition and Hormone Variability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lemos_etal_2019smm/) - [Sounds of Stress: Evaluating the Relationships Between Variable Soundscapes and Gray Whale Stress Hormones](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nieukirk_etal_2019smm/) - [Harbor Porpoise Sex Life: Are Lateralized and Aerial Mating Behaviors Characteristic Throughout Their Range?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/webber_etal_2019smm/) - [The 2018 California Current Ecosystem Survey: A Multi-Disciplinary Assessment of Predators and Prey off Southern Canada, the USA and Northern Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/moore_etal_2019smm/) - [Rethinking the Process of Whale Entanglement Through First Person Observations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lynch_etal_2019smm/) - [Rorqual Ingestion Estimates Based on Direct Measures of Feeding Rates and Prey Quality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/savoca_etal_2019smm/) - [Genetic Assignment of Humpback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, from Feeding Grounds in the Eastern North Pacific to Distinct Population Segments](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lohman_etal_2019smm/) - [Combining Near-Field Acoustic Records and Genetic Identity of an Individual Eastern North Pacific Blue Whale off the Central Oregon Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dziak_etal_2019smm/) - [Species Identification of Cetaceans by Environmental (e)DNA Metabarcoding - A New Tool for Surveys of the High Seas](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baker_etal_2019smm/) - [Ship Strike Management in Priority Regions of the U.S. West Coast: Effectiveness of Past Efforts and Potential for New Strategies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/rockwood_etal_2019smm/) - [Hormones and Whales: Unveiling Physiological Mysteries of Blue and Gray Whales in the North Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melica_etal_2019smm/) - [Persistent Organic Pollutant Burdens in Blubber of Eastern North Pacific Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and the Influence of Life History Parameters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hayes_etal_2019smm/) - [Context of Blue Whale Vocalizations as Determined via Tag-Mounted Accelerometers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/oestreich_etal_2019smm/) - [The Perils of Relying on Handling Techniques to Reduce Bycatch in a Partially Observed Fishery: A Fatal Flaw in the U.S. False Killer Whale Take Reduction Plan](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2021smm/) - [Beneath the Surface: Diving Behavior of False Killer Whales from Two Populations Across Diel and Lunar Cycles in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/shaffandbaird_2021bsl/) - [Spatial Use of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) around Kauaʻi and Niʻihau Assessed Using Remotely-Deployed LIMPET Satellite Tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/howeandbaird_2021bsl/) - [Combining Satellite Telemetry and Fisheries-Dependent Logbook Data to Characterize Depredation by Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in the U.S. Atlantic Pelagic Longline Fishery](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fader_etal_2022smm/) - [Behavioral Responses of Cuvier's Beaked Whales to Operational and Simulated Mid-Frequency Active Sonar off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southall_etal_2022smm/) - [Assessment of Low Impact Minimally Percutaneous External Electronics Transmitting Tags Deployed on Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/day_etal_2022smm/) - [Vocal Behavior of Foraging Gray Whales Tagged with Bio-Logging Devices Determined Using an Accelerometer-Based Caller Identification Method](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/clayton_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Unusual Open Water Grouping Behavior in Salish Sea Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardii)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/derie_etal_2022smm/) - [Stable Isotope Profiles (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, and δ34S) Reconstructed from Gray Whale Baleen Provide Insight into Foraging Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/miller_etal_2022smm-2/) - [Squid Games: Risso's Dolphin Occurrence in the Southern California Bight and Interaction with the Squid Fishery Around Catalina Island](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vanderzee_etal_2022smm/) - [Sound and Movement Tags Reveal Ambient Noise Effects on Foraging Outcomes in Fish-Eating Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tennessen_etal_2022smm/) - [Small-Boat Surveys Combining Transects, Photo-ID, Sampling, and Entanglement Response to Gain Information About and Reduce the Risk of Entanglements of Large Whales Along the California Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/barkowski_etal_2022smm/) - [Resight and Survival of Entangled Humpback Whales Within the California, Oregon, and Washington Region Using Photo-Identification and Long-Term Life History Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tackaberry_etal_2022smm/) - [Quantifying Microplastic Ingestion by Rorqual Whales with High-Resolution Field Measurements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kahanerapport_etal_2022smm/) - [Population Characteristics of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Observed off the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua, Central America](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/deweerdt_etal_2022smm/) - [Overlap of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Habitat and Vessel Traffic in San Francisco Bay with Insights from Tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lane_etal_2022smm/) - [Mixed-Stock Analysis of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific Using DNA Profiles](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lizewski_etal_2022smm/) - [Long-Term Trends in Gray Whale Stranding in Washington State: Insights from Consistent Responses from 1977-2022 Including Connections with Unusual Mortality Events](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calambokidis_etal_2022smm/) - [Longitudinal Study of Entanglement Scars on Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off the Central California Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/payne_etal_2022smm/) - [Large Whale Transboundary Unusual Mortality Events: Best Practice and Investigation Through Coordination and Collaboration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fauquier_etal_2022smm/) - [Interactive Threats Reduce Foraging and Prey Capture Effort by Endangered Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/holt_etal_2022smm/) - [Humpback Whale Photo-Identifications from Guerrero Indicate Southern Mexico is Similar to Central America as a Wintering Area of Whales that Feed Primarily on the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/audley_etal_2022smm/) - [From Russia with Love: A New Mammalian Sighting Record Highlights Atypical Breeding Behaviour in Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ransome_etal_2022smm/) - [From Individual Responses to Population Effects: Integrating a Decade of Multidisciplinary Research on Blue Whales and Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/booth_etal_2022smm/) - [Examination of Changes in Reporting On and Use of the Salish Sea by Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/miller_etal_2022smm/) - [Ecological Implications of Multi-Day Behavioral Synchrony and Physiological Variation in a Blue Whale Pair](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fahlbusch_etal_2022smm/) - [Dramatic Increase in Dolphin Strandings in Washington State (USA): Brucella and the Out-of-Towners](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/huggins_etal_2022smm/) - [Do Boat Activities Affect the Behavior of the Sounders in Inland Waters? A Study on Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in the Northern Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pavlinovic_etal_2022smm/) - [Combining Survey and Tagging Data to Inform Humpback Whale Vulnerability to Vessel Strikes in a High-Traffic Shipping Area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mcmillan_etal_2022smm/) - [Blue Whale Body Condition from Photographs Taken over a 14-Year Period in the NE Pacific: Annual Variation and Connection to Measures of Ocean Productivity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wachtendonk_etal_2022smm/) - [A Whale's Guide to Stress Management: Application of Corticosteroid Hormones as Biomarkers for Stress Response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melica_etal_2022smm/) - [A New Methodology to Track Changes in Gray Whale Body Condition on Individual, Annual, and Seasonal Scales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/telford_etal_2022smm/) - [A Multifaceted Examination of Blubber to Infer the Nutritional Status of the Eastern Pacific Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/halaska_etal_2022smm/) - [A Happy Collaboration: Basin-Scale, High-Throughput, AI-Assisted Photo-ID Matching for North Pacific Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cheeseman_etal_2022smm/) - [Vulnerability of U.S. Marine Mammal Stocks in the Pacific and Arctic to Climate Change](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lettrich_etal_2022smm/) - [Demographically Independent Stocks of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Main Hawaiian Islands Display Differences in Social Structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/corsi_etal_2022smm/) - [Unintended Consequences: Common Bottlenose Dolphin Associations with an Aquaculture Operation in Hawaiʻi Lead to Impacts on Spinner Dolphins and Other Delphinids](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Understanding the Distribution Patterns of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) Around Kauaʻi and Niʻihau](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/howe_etal_2022smm/) - [The Shyest Blackfish: Examining the Global Phylogeography of the Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hanser_etal_2022smm/) - [Stock Structure, Residency, and Inter-Island Movements of Common Bottlenose Dolphins Between O‘ahu and Maui Nui](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Spatial Use of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins in Relation to Stock Boundaries and Environmental Features in Hawaiʻi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Photo-Identification of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins in Hawaiian Waters Reveals Long-Term Re-Sightings, Supporting the Existence of Island-Associated Resident Populations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gless_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Long-Term Associations, Life History, and Lack of Dispersal: Unique Insights from Pygmy Killer Whales off the Island of Hawaiʻi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mahaffy_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Is Bigger Always Better? Sexually Dimorphic Characteristics of Short-Finned Pilot Whales, False Killer Whales, Pygmy Killer Whales and Melon-Headed Whales Assessed Using Fin and Body Morphometrics from Photos Taken at Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/yahn_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Effectiveness of a 50-Yard-No-Approach Rule and a No-Swim-With Rule for Protecting Spinner Dolphins in Hawaiʻi from Human Interactions: An Initial Assessment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wood_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Denizens of the Deep: Three Lines of Evidence Suggest a Pelagic Population of Risso's Dolphins in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/douglas_and_baird_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Beneath the Surface: Diving Behavior of False Killer Whales From Two Populations Across Diel and Lunar Cycles in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/shaff_etal_2022smm/) - Video recording available here. - [Individual-Level Variation in Habitat Selection of Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales Through the Lenses of Social Structure and Resource Availability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2024bl/) - [Behavioral Response of Blainville's Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) to U.S. Navy Training Activity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal_2024bl/) - [Hawaiian False Killer Whale Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries from Fisheries Interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2024afs/) - Monitoring bycatch in fisheries is essential for effective conservation and fisheries sustainability. False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawai‘i are known to interact with both commercial and recreational fisheries, but limited observer coverage obscures the ability to document interactions and assess bycatch rates. Here, we assess fisheries interactions using photographic evidence of dorsal fin and - [Beaked Whales and El Niño: Evidence for ENSO Effects on Blainville’s Beaked and Goose-Beaked Whale Space Use in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/barrios_etal_2024smm/) - Large-scale climatic phenomena, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, influence marine systems across the Pacific and beyond. The effects of these cycles on Hawaiian cetaceans are largely unknown. Using location data from satellite tags deployed on Blainville’s beaked (Mesoplodon densirostris, n=10) and goose-beaked (Ziphius cavirostris, n=10) whales, alongside sightings and effort data from 21 - [Epigenetic Age Estimation for Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the Absence of ‘Known Age’ Individuals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal_2024smm/) - Epigenetic aging models hold great promise for enhancing many aspects of wildlife research and management. However, their utility is limited by the need to train models using known-aged animals, which are rare among cetaceans. We developed and evaluated methods to train an epigenetic age model for Hawaiian false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) using 94 samples - [The Role of Environmental and Social Contexts on Space Use of Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2024smm/) - Examining individual-level differences in space use can shed light on important ecological processes and population-level patterns that may inform conservation efforts. For highly social species, both environmental and social contexts play a role in individual movement decisions, but are rarely studied in tandem. We evaluate the role of both environmental and social contexts on the - [How Robust is Eschrichtius robustus? A Novel Photographic Index of Body Condition From Boat-Based Photographs of Gray Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/telford_etal_2025_mms/) - Although the eastern North Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) population has recovered from population declines associated with whaling, they are closely monitored, especially in association with Unusual Mortality Events. Metrics to improve assessment of the health of individual animals, when averaged, are valuable to inform monitoring and management. We used 30 years of photographic data of - [Daily Energetic Expenditure and Energy Consumption of Short-Finned Pilot Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gough_etal_2025jeb/) - Diving is one of the most important behaviors undertaken by marine mammals. Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.) are oceanic dolphins that regularly forage at extreme depths (∼600–1000 m) and maintain body sizes similar to beaked whales. They are also listed as data deficient, with little known about their population dynamics. To help fill this knowledge gap, - [Low Resighting Rate of Entangled Humpback Whales Within the California, Oregon, and Washington Region Based on Photo-Identification and Long-Term Life History Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tackaberry_etal_2022/) - Bycatch, commonly referred to as entanglement, is a leading source of human-caused mortality of baleen whales. A better understanding of the individuals that survive (or perish from) their entanglement can help reduce the risk of bycatch by informing gear modifications and fisheries management. However, determining survival rates is restricted by the ability to track individuals - [The Ongoing Issue of Fishery Interactions Among Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales: Repeated Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries, Stock and Sex-specific Trends, and Early-life Interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2024smm/) - Monitoring bycatch in fisheries is essential for effective conservation and fisheries sustainability. False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawaiian waters are known to interact with both commercial and recreational fisheries, but limited observer coverage obscures the ability to document interactions and assess bycatch rates. Here, we assess fisheries interactions using photographic evidence of dorsal fin - [Behavioral Response of Rough-Toothed Dolphins to Exposure from Multiple Sources of Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal_aquaticnoiseposter/) - From 2011 through 2025, 25 LIMPET satellite tags were deployed on rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) off the island of Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, part of a known island-associated resident community whose range overlaps with the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Navy testing and training activity regularly occurs on PMRF and often includes the use of MFAS. Twelve - [Movements and Spatial Use of Satellite-Tagged Odontocetes in the Western Main Hawaiian Islands: Results of Field Work Undertaken off O‘ahu in October 2010 and Kaua‘i in February 2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2011_hrcreport/) - Although considerable information is available on residency patterns and spatial use of odontocetes in the eastern half of the Hawai‘i Range Complex (HRC), much less is known about odontocetes in the western half of the HRC. In the first year of a three-year effort we undertook surveys off O‘ahu (in October 2010) and Kaua‘i (in - [Diel Variation in Beaked Whale Diving Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2007_beakedwhalediel/) - We investigate diel variation in beaked whale diving behavior using data from time-depth recorders deployed on six Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales (126 hours day; 129 hours night) and two Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) beaked whales (19 hours day; 15 hours night). Deep foraging dives (>800 m) occurred at similar rates during the day and night - [Hawaiian Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) Mass Stranding Event of July 3-4, 2004](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southall_etal_2006pe/) - On July 3-4, 2004, between 150-200 melon–headed whales (Peponocephala electra) occupied the shallow waters of Hanalei Bay, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i for over 28 hours. Attendees of a canoe blessing observed the animals entering the Bay in a single wave formation at 0700 hrs (local time) on July 3, 2004. The animals were observed moving back into - [Sub-Surface and Night-Time Behavior of Humpback Whales off Maui, Hawaii: A Preliminary Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2000_humpbacks/) - Using suction-cup attached time-depth recorder/VHF radio tags, we documented the diving behavior of humpback whales off the west side of Maui, Hawaii. Between February and April 2000, tags were deployed on 15 individuals, and dive data were obtained from 13 of the 14 tags recovered. Reactions to tagging were observed less often than has been - [High Levels of Interaction with a Hawaiian Monk Seal on the Island of Maui](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2000_monkseal/) - Report available at link below. - [Mark-Recapture Abundance Estimate of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Around Maui Nui and Lana‘i, Hawai‘i, During the Winter of 2000/2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2001_ttabundance/) - Bottlenose dolphins were photo-identified in the area between the islands of Maui, Lana‘i, Moloka‘i and Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i (an area of approximately 3,000 km2) between November 2000 and March 2001. A total of 328 hours were spent on the water during 49 days, and bottlenose dolphins were encountered on 32 occasions on 22 days. Fifty-nine individual - [An Examination of Movements of Bottlenose Dolphins Between Islands in the Hawaiian Island Chain](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2002ttinterisland/) - Information on population size, residency and movements of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around oceanic islands is extremely limited. We photo-identified bottlenose dolphins around the islands of O‛ahu, Maui/Lana‛i, and Hawai‛i, in April and May 2002, and compared photographic identities with dolphins identified off Maui/Lana‛i in 2000 and 2001. Seventeen bottlenose dolphin groups (mean group size - [Biases and Data Limitations of Odontocete Cetacean Sighting Data from Small-Boat Based Surveys Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2005_biases/) - Periodic small-boat surveys were undertaken around the main Hawaiian Islands from February 2000 through February 2005, primarily to collect genetic samples and photo-identify odontocete cetaceans. A dataset of 529 odontocete sightings exists from these surveys, representing 16 different species. While the dataset is useful to note where certain species have been seen and document features - [Movements of the First Satellite-Tagged Cuvier's and Blainville's Beaked Whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/schorr_etal_2008beakedwhales/) - Studies on the movement patterns and habitat use of cetaceans are often constrained by numerous factors including ship time, logistics, and the ability to track individuals over time. Obtaining information on beaked whales is especially difficult both due to their habits and their low population densities. To better understand movements of beaked whales in Hawai‘i, - [Multi-Species Cetacean Satellite Tagging to Examine Movements in Relation to the 2008 Rim-of-the-Pacific (RIMPAC) Naval Exercise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2008_rimpac/) - The Rim-of-the-Pacific (RIMPAC) naval exercise is a biennial multi-week multinational naval exercise that has been undertaken around the main Hawaiian Islands since 1968. Immediately prior to the 2004 RIMPAC exercise a group of 150-200 melon-headed whales, Peponocephala electra, a species that is typically found in deep waters in Hawai‘i, entered Hanalei Bay on the north - [A Survey to Assess Overlap of Insular and Offshore False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) off the Island of Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2008_offshorefkw/) - There are two populations of false killer whales within the Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone, an insular population around the main Hawaiian Islands and an offshore population. In order to assess the degree of overlap of individuals from these populations, surveys offshore of the island of Hawai‘i were undertaken in 2008, using a medium-sized charter vessel - [Movements of Satellite-Tagged False Killer Whales Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2008psrg/) - To assess movements relative to stock boundaries and the long-line fishery exclusion boundary, satellite tags were remotely deployed on 11 false killer whales in Hawaiian waters in 2007 and 2008, 10 on individuals from the insular population and one on an individual from the offshore population. The offshore individual, tagged 123.8 km west of the - [Deriving Probabilistic Age Estimates Using Common Photo-Identification Catalog Information: An Application to Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2025mms/) - Age is important for studying population dynamics, but it is difficult to obtain reasonably accurate age estimates and associated uncertainty of free-ranging individuals, especially for cetaceans. We developed a protocol for deriving probabilistic age estimates using information commonly curated in marine mammal photo-identification catalogs and applied the approach to 81 biopsy-sampled and genetically sexed false - [Movements of Satellite-Tagged Cuvier's and Blainville's Beaked Whales in Hawai‘i: Evidence for an Offshore Population of Blainville's Beaked Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2009beakedwhales/) - The impacts of mid-frequency active sonar on the behavior of individual cetaceans may vary depending on their history of prior exposure. Evidence from habitat use, repeated sightings of identified individuals, and satellite tagging all indicate the existence of resident populations of Cuvier’s and Blainville’s beaked whales off the island of Hawai‘i, within the Navy’s Hawai‘i - [Beaked Whale Science Coming of Age: Progress from Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird2009_whalewatcher/) - PDF copy available below. - [Annotated Checklist of Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles, Lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bane_etal_2010/) - Lehua Islet is a secondary tuff crater (Palmer 1937) 1.2 kilometers off the northern point of Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i (Fig. 1). Recent publications on Lehua’s avifauna (VanderWerf et al. 2007), Coleoptera (Ramsdale and Samuelson 2006), land snails (Cowie and Wood 2008), and flora (Wood and LeGrande 2006) have demonstrated the biological importance of this 1.1 km2 - [Notes on Petrels of the Dark-Rumped Petrel Complex (Pterodroma phaeopygia/sandwichensis) in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pyle_etal_2011nab/) - This paper documents petrels of the Darkrumped Petrel complex (Pterodroma phaeopygia/sandwichensis) off the Hawaiian Islands in 2007–2011, including typical individuals of the endemic nesting species, Hawaiian Petrel (P. sandwichensis), and two individuals that could be variants of that species or perhaps Galapagos Petrels (P. phaeopygia). We summarize and discuss criteria for the at-sea identification of - [Assessment of Re-Sighting Rates of Previously Dart-Tagged False Killer Whales and Short-Finned Pilot Whales in Hawai‘i: A Preliminary Report Taking Into Account Re-Sightings of Social Groups](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2011_psrg_tagging/) - Understanding the impacts of invasive research techniques is critical to ensure that such research activities will not have detrimental effects on populations under study. In Hawaiian waters we have been using remotely-deployed dorsal-fin attached Low-Impact Minimally-Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite tags (Andrews et al. 2008) to examine movements and habitat use a number of species - [A Comparison of Diving Behavior of Goose-Beaked and Dense-Beaked Whales From Tagging Studies in Multiple Ocean Basins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/barlow_etal_2025mms/) - Studies of cetacean diving behavior in multiple locations in different ocean basins allow for an assessment of variability within and among populations. We examine foraging dive behaviors of goose-beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and dense-beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) using data from 132 tagged whales in seven locations in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean - [Photo-Identification and Satellite Tagging of False Killer Whales during HICEAS II: Evidence of an Island-Associated Population in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2011_psrg/) - Two populations or stocks of false killer whales have recently been recognized within the Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Carretta et al. 2011). An insular, or island-associated, population is found around the main Hawaiian Islands, and a pelagic, or open-ocean, population, has been documented in offshore waters (Chivers et al. 2007, 2010; Baird et al. - [Movements and Spatial Use of Odontocetes in the Western Main Hawaiian Islands: Results from Satellite-Tagging and Photo-Identification off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau in July/August 2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2012_pmrfjulaug2011/) - Although considerable information is available on residency patterns and spatial use of odontocetes in the eastern half of the Hawai‘i Range Complex (HRC), much less is known about odontocetes in the western half of the HRC. In the second year of a three-year effort in the western main Hawaiian Islands we undertook surveys off Kaua‘i - [Odontocete Movements off the Island of Kaua‘i: Results of Satellite Tagging and Photo-Identification Efforts in January 2012](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2012kauai/) - There are 18 species of odontocetes that may be found around the islands of Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau. Using individual photo-identification and genetic analyses of biopsy samples, previous small-boat-based field efforts off Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau have provided evidence of a demographically-isolated resident population of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off the islands (Baird et al. 2009; - [Island-Associated Stocks of Odontocetes in the Main Hawaiian Islands: A Synthesis of Available Information to Facilitate Evaluation of Stock Structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/oleson_etal_2013_stockstructure/) - Populations of several species of odontocete have recently been split by NMFS into one or more island‐associated stocks near Hawaii, including false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris). The unique oceanographic environment of the Hawaiian Archipelago, including relatively high near‐shore productivity, together with significant isolation from other - [Odontocete Studies off the Pacific Missile Range Facility in February 2013: Satellite-Tagging, Photo-Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Species Verification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2013pmrf/) - A joint project in February 2013 off the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) combined passive acoustic monitoring and boat-based field efforts. There were 1,010 kilometers (km) (55.9 hours [hr]) of small-vessel field effort over the course of the 8-day project. Of the 55.9 hr of survey effort, 64.2 percent of time was spent within the - [Assessment of Modeled Received Sound Pressure Levels and Movements of Satellite-Tagged Odontocetes Exposed to Mid-Frequency Active Sonar at the Pacific Missile Range Facility: February 2011 through February 2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pmrf_expresp_2014/) - The Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off the island of Kauaʻi is the site of regular United States (U.S.) Navy training, some of which involves mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) use from different types of military sound sources. PMRF includes acoustic instrumentation which allows for passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) capabilities to detect and localize sounds such - [Odontocete Studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in July/August 2013: Satellite-Tagging, Photo-Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pmrf_julyaug2013/) - A joint project in July and August 2013 on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) combined passive acoustic monitoring and boat-based field efforts. There were 671 kilometers (36.6 hours [hr]) of small-vessel survey effort over the course of the 8-day project, with 55.1 percent of time (20.2 hr) spent within the PMRF instrumented - [Revised Stock Boundaries for False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bradford_etal_2015nmfs/) - Three populations of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) have been identified in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone of the Hawaiian Archipelago (Hawaiian EEZ): 1) a main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) insular population, 2) a pelagic population, and 2) a Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) population. Spatially-explicit stock boundaries are needed to assess and manage each population. New - [Odontocete Studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in February 2014: Satellite-Tagging, Photo-Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2015_pmrffeb2014/) - A joint project in February 2014 on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) was carried out utilizing combined passive acoustic monitoring and boat-based field efforts. There were 1,287 kilometers (km) (66.3 hours [hr]) of small-vessel survey effort over the course of the 10-day project, with 44.6 percent of search time (29.6 hr) spent - [Improving Attachments of Remotely-Deployed Dorsal Fin-Mounted Tags: Tissue Structure, Hydrodynamics, In Situ Performance, and Tagged-Animal Follow-Up](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/andrews_etal_2015_nopp/) - PDF copy available below. - [More Than Just a Fad? Endangered False Killer Whale Movements in Relation to Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_and_baird_2021_fads/) - PDF copy available below. - [Marine Mammals - Cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pittman_etal_2016noaa/) - Marine mammals are ecologically, economically and culturally important to Hawaiʻi. Reliable information on species space-use patterns is required to inform marine spatial planning, particularly for offshore renewable energy installations. This chapter provides distribution maps for marine mammals observed in the U.S. waters of the Main Hawaiian Islands from 1993 to 2014 using data integrated from - [White-Rumped Dark Storm-Petrels in Hawaiian Island Waters: The Quandary of Leach’s vs. Band-Rumped Storm-Petrels Throughout the World](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/white-rumped-dark-storm-petrels-hawaiian-island-waters/) - [Assessing Reproduction and Estimating Survival of Odontocetes Tagged with LIMPET Tags: Case Studies from Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2017_limpettagging/) - PDF copy available below. - [Odontocete Studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in August 2018: Satellite Tagging, Photo-Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2018_kauaiinterim/) - As part of a long-term U.S. Navy-funded marine mammal monitoring program, from 6-20 August 2018, a combined boat-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). This interim field survey report provides a summary of survey effort, encounters and preliminary - [Your Photos Help Marine Mammal Research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lerma_2020_hfn/) - PDF copy available below. - [Got Fish?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2020_hfn/) - PDF copy available below. - [Common Bottlenose Dolphin Associations with a Fish Farm in Hawai‘i: Long-Term Associations and Impacts on Other Delphinids](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2021_psrg/) - The global expansion of mariculture offers numerous potential benefits, but may also pose a threat to wildlife populations that are attracted to or repelled by mariculture installations. A fish farm that is operated near shore off the west coast of Hawai‘i Island produces kanpachi (Seriola rivoliana), and sits within the known range of several resident - [A Protocol for Photo-Identification Catalog-Based Age Estimation: An Application to Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_2023_psrg/) - Age is essential for studying population dynamics yet is challenging to estimate for individuals in wild populations. While methods exist for aging dead animals, it is difficult to obtain reasonably accurate age estimates of free-ranging animals, especially for cetaceans. We developed a protocol for deriving age estimates using information commonly curated in marine mammal photo-identification - [Accounting for Spatiotemporal Sampling Bias in a Long-Term Dataset Establishes a Decline in Abundance of Endangered False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/badger_etal_2024psrg/) - We estimated abundance from 1999-2021 for the endangered main Hawaiian Island (MHI) insular population of false killer whales using a modeling technique that incorporates animal availability into a capture-recapture model. Since 1999, this population has been sampled by a variety of dedicated systematic, nonsystematic, and opportunistic methods that have resulted in the yearly encounter histories - [The Perils of Relying on Handling Techniques to Reduce Bycatch in a Partially Observed Fishery: A Fatal Flaw in the U.S. False Killer Whale Take Reduction Plan](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2024_iwc/) - False killer whales are the most frequently-recorded bycaught cetacean in the Hawai‘i-based deep-set longline fishery. Observer coverage averaged ~20% from 2000-2019, and mortality and serious injury (M&SI) rates calculated from observed interactions (i.e., hooking or entanglement) are extrapolated to unobserved effort to determine overall bycatch estimates. These estimates routinely exceed the Potential Biological Removal level - [Always on the Move: The Complex Ecology of False Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_2025_whalewatcher_movement/) - PDF copy available below - [Out of Sight, Out of Mind: False Killer Whale Populations Are At Risk](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2025_whalewatcher_conservation/) - PDF copy available below - [False Killer Whales Are Dolphin Predators? Not So Fast...](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2025_whalewatcher_dolphinpredation/) - PDF copy available below - [The Recent History of Tagging False Killer Whales in the Wild](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2025_whalewatcher_tagging/) - PDF copy available below - [From Studies of Captive and Stranded Animals to Research on Free-Ranging Individuals: An Expansion of False Killer Whale Science Worldwide](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_2025_whalewatcher_preamble/) - PDF copy available below - [Received Levels of Odontocetes Tagged During Submarine Command Courses at the Pacific Missile Range Facility in 2023 and 2024](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal_2025expresp/) - In August 2023 and February 2024, Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) conducted small boat-based satellite tagging of odontocetes at the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF), with acoustic support from Naval Information Warfare Center (NIWC) Pacific and Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Newport, directing the tagging boat towards locations of acoustic detections on the range. Seventeen days - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Cetaceans on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauaʻi, in February 2025](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_feb2025_kauai/) - As part of the long-term United States Navy (Navy)-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 9 to 18 February 2025, Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) carried out a vessel-based field effort in conjunction with passive acoustic monitoring undertaken by Navy scientists on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The effort - [Subsurface and Nighttime Behaviour of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins in Hawai′i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2001_spotteddiving/) - Pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) are found in both pelagic waters and around oceanic islands. A variety of differences exist between populations in these types of areas, including average group sizes, extent of movements, and frequency of multi-species associations. Diving and nighttime behaviour of pantropical spotted dolphins were studied near the islands of Maui and - [Odontocete Studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in February 2015: Satellite-Tagging, Photo Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/odontocete-studies-pacific-missile-range-facility-february-2016-satellite-tagging-photo/) - A joint project in February 2016 on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) was carried out utilizing combined boat-based field efforts and passive acoustic monitoring from the Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges (M3R) system. Five days of small boat effort were funded by the U.S. Navy and an additional two days of - [Accounting for Sampling Bias Reveals a Decline in Abundance of Endangered False Killer Whales in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/badger_etal_2025/) - We estimated abundance of the endangered main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) insular population of false killer whales Pseudorca crassidens from 1999-2022 using a modeling technique that incorporates animal availability in a capture-recapture analysis. The population was sampled using different sampling methods, resulting in yearly encounter histories of 265 individuals and 53 satellite-tagged whales. Survey effort and animal location - [Variation in Social Structure Among Multiple Stocks of Island-Associated Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/corsi_etal_2025mms/) - ABSTRACT The drivers of animal social structures remain poorly understood, particularly in species such as cetaceans that are wide-ranging and challenging to study. Understanding the factors shaping sociality can shed light on population ecology, gene flow, and information transmission. Here, we investigated variation in social structure among three independent island-associated stocks of common bottlenose dolphins - [Using Spatial Capture-Recapture Methods to Estimate Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variation of a Wide-Ranging Marine Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whittome_etal_2025ecograph/) - Determining population status to inform mitigation of anthropogenic threats requires statistical approaches that investigate spatial and temporal variation. In the face of climate change it is increasingly important to differentiate between changes in population size and redistributions of populations. This is especially true for wide-ranging species such as the blue whale. Abundance of eastern North - [Audible Changes in Marine Trophic Ecology: Baleen Whale Song Tracks Foraging Conditions in the Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ryan_etal_2025/) - Among tremendous biodiversity within the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) are gigantic mysticetes (baleen whales) that produce structured sequences of sound described as song. From six years of passive acoustic monitoring within the central CCE we measured seasonal and interannual variations in the occurrence of blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whale - [Rates of Entanglement Inferred from Scarring Prevalence of Humpback Whales Photographed in US Oregon Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/derville_etal_2025/) - Entanglements in fishing gear are a significant threat to cetaceans worldwide and a concern for large whales in US waters. Yet, entanglement events are infrequently observed, and their lethal and sublethal impacts are likely underestimated. Photographic analysis of wrapping scars on whales shows promise to better assess entanglement. Here, we analyzed scars on 571 individual - [The Role of Accelerometer Hardware Limitations in Focal Caller Identification from Acoustic Recording Tags Attached to Mysticetes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dombroski_etal_2025/) - Multi-sensor acoustic tags have revolutionized our understanding of the behavior of large whales. One limitation, however, is the inability to reliably distinguish calls produced by the tagged whale from those produced by other nearby whales. One proposed solution has been to detect calls using both hydrophone and accelerometer data to identify signals produced by the - [Behavioural Responses of Common Dolphins to Naval Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southall_etal_2024rsos/) - Despite strong interest in how noise affects marine mammals, little is known for the most abundant and commonly exposed taxa. Social delphinids occur in groups of hundreds of individuals that travel quickly, change behaviour ephemerally and are not amenable to conventional tagging methods, posing challenges in quantifying noise impacts. We integrated drone-based photogrammetry, strategically placed - [Marine Mammal Stranding Networks in the 21st Century: Whence and Whither?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gulland_etal_2025mms/) - [Body Size, Nutritional State and Endocrine State Are Associated with Calving Probability in a Long-Lived Marine Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pirotta_etal_2025jae/) - Life-history performance of individuals in wildlife populations emerges from the interplay between the multiple processes that constitute an animal's health. Monitoring and modelling indicators of health can thus provide a way to asses and forecast the status of a population before its abundance changes. In this study, we develop a Bayesian state-space model that links - [Exposure and Response of Satellite-Tagged Blainville's Beaked Whales to Mid-Frequency Active Sonar off Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal_2025/) - Background Beaked whale response to Navy sonar is a global concern due to past stranding events coinciding with training activity. Often, controlled exposure experiments involve tagging cetaceans with short-term, high-resolution tags and exposing them to relatively short, single bouts of mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS). In contrast, longer-duration satellite-transmitting tags deployed around Navy ranges enables behavioral - [Dynamics of Foraging Interactions Between Cookiecutter Sharks (Isistius spp.) and Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in Hawai’i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/walkermilne_etal_2025/) - Cookiecutter sharks (Isistius spp.) are small pelagic squaloid sharks found throughout tropical and sub-tropical waters that are known to feed opportunistically on a range of prey, including animals much larger than themselves. Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) are resident to Hawaiʻi Island and are often observed with fresh and healed cookiecutter shark bites. In this - [Neonatal Facial Pigmentation of Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata): A Description from Repeated Observations of Individuals in the Wild](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mahaffy_etal_2025am/) - Please see the link below, or email us to request a copy. - [A Trans-Pacific Movement Reveals Regular Migrations of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between Russia and Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ransome_etal_2023esr/) - Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae undertake extensive annual migrations, have complex migratory patterns, and have held several mammalian long-distance movement records. Here, we report on a whale known to feed in the Russian Far East that was sighted in breeding areas on either side of the North Pacific, the Mariana Islands and Mexico, in less than - [Gray Whale Sex, Reproductive Behavior, and Social Strategies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/swartz_etal_2023sexincetaceans/) - Gray whale sexual behavior and copulation are observed throughout their range. The most prominent period for reproductive behavior is during the southward migration from summer feeding areas to wintering areas where some breeding occurs and calves of the year are reared. The seasonal migrations of gray whales are believed to function, in part, to bring - [Ship Collision Risk Threatens Whales Across the World's Oceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nisi_etal_2024science/) - After the near-complete cessation of commercial whaling, ship collisions have emerged as a primary threat to large whales, but knowledge of collision risk is lacking across most of the world’s oceans. We compiled a dataset of 435,000 whale locations to generate global distribution models for four globally ranging species. We then combined >35 billion positions - [Organic Ligands in Whale Excrement Support Iron Availability and Reduce Copper Toxicity to the Surface Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/monreal_etal_2025cee/) - Nutrient recycling by marine megafauna is a key ecosystem service that has been disturbed by anthropogenic activity. While some hypotheses attribute Southern Ocean ecosystem restructuring to disruptions in micronutrient cycling after the elimination of two million great whales, there is little knowledge of trace metal lability in whale excrement. Here we measured high concentrations of - [New Urban Habitat for Endangered Humpback Whales: San Francisco Bay](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/markowitz_etal_2024acmfe/) - As populations of large whales recover from whaling, species that forage and breed in coastal waters, including the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), increasingly overlap with human activities. This represents a potential hazard in locations worldwide subject to intensive vessel traffic, including New York, Panama City and Brisbane. Historically, humpback whales were not considered part of - [Influence of Life-History Parameters on Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in Blubber of Eastern North Pacific Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hayes_etal_2022est/) - Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can significantly impact marine mammal health, reproduction, and fitness. This study addresses a significant 20-year gap in gray whale contaminant monitoring through analysis of POPs in 120 blubber biopsies. The scope of this substantial sample set is noteworthy in its range and diversity with collection between 2003 and 2017 - [Submesoscale Coupling of Krill and Whales Revealed by Aggregative Lagrangian Coherent Structures](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fahlbusch_etal_2024prsb/) - In the marine environment, dynamic physical processes shape biological productivity and predator–prey interactions across multiple scales. Identifying pathways of physical–biological coupling is fundamental to understand the functioning of marine ecosystems yet it is challenging because the interactions are difficult to measure. We examined submesoscale (less than 100 km) surface current features using remote sensing techniques - [Using Accelerometry Tags to Quantify Gray Whale Foraging Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/colson_etal_2024/) - High-resolution tri-axial accelerometry biologging tags have quantitatively described behaviors in baleen whale species that forage using lunges and continuous ram filtration. However, detailed quantitative descriptions of foraging behaviors do not exist for gray whales, a unique baleen whale species that primarily uses benthic suction feeding with a rolling component. We deployed suction cup biologging tags - [Diving Behavior of False Killer Whales off Maui and Lāna’i, Hawai’i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ligonandbaird_smm2001/) - Cetacean dive depths are sometimes inferred from knowledge of the habits of their prey. For false killer whales an early published report suggested they might dive to 500 m, based upon general feeding habits. However, dive depths have not previously been documented for this species. In Hawaiian waters, this species has been observed feeding on - [Optimizing Automated Photo Identification for Population Assessments](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/patton_etal_2025cb/) - Several legal acts mandate that management agencies regularly assess biological populations. For species with distinct markings, these assessments can be conducted noninvasively via capture-recapture and photographic identification (photo-ID), which involves processing considerable quantities of photographic data. To ease this burden, agencies increasingly rely on automated identification (ID) algorithms. Identification algorithms present agencies with an opportunity - [Beaked Whales and El Niño: Evidence for ENSO Effects on Blainville’s Beaked and Goose-Beaked Whale Space Use in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/barrios_etal_2024meps/) - Large-scale climatic phenomena, like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, influence marine systems across the Pacific and beyond. The effects of these cycles on Hawaiian marine communities, particularly their impact on cetaceans, remains understudied. Using location data obtained from satellite tags deployed on Blainville’s beaked whales Mesoplodon densirostris and goose-beaked whales Ziphius cavirostris, and sightings - [False Killer Whales and Fisheries in Hawaiian Waters: Evidence from Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries Reveal Ongoing and Repeated Interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2024esr/) - Monitoring bycatch in fisheries is essential for effective conservation and fisheries sustainability. False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens in Hawaiian waters are known to interact with both commercial and recreational fisheries, but limited observer coverage across Hawaiian fisheries obscures the ability to assess bycatch. We build upon previous work and assess occurrence of fisheries interactions through photographic evidence - [Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Post-Mortem Findings from December 2018 through 2021 during the Unusual Mortality Event in the Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/raverty_etal_2024plosone/) - Beginning in December 2018, increased numbers of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) strandings were reported along the west coast of Mexico, the United States, and Canada, prompting declaration of a gray whale Unusual Mortality Event (UME) by the United States National Marine Fisheries Service. Although strandings declined in 2020 and 2021 from a peak in 2019, - [Received Level Estimation, Behavioral Response, and Diel Behavioral Analyses for Delphinids Tagged at the Pacific Missile Range Facility in 2021-2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal_2024/) - This report summarizes the results of satellite-tagging efforts conducted prior to Submarine Command Course (SCC) training events from August 2021 and 2022 on the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off the island of Kaua’i. Twenty-one delphinids were satellite tagged with the intent of observing their behavior before, during, and after the SCCs and estimating received - [Incorporating Telemetry Information into Capture-Recapture Analyses Improves Precision and Accuracy of Abundance Estimates Given Spatiotemporally Biased Recapture Effort](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/badger_etal_2024mee/) - Natural populations that are rare, cryptic or inaccessible provide a monumental challenge to monitoring, as adequate data are extremely difficult to collect. Surveys often encompass only a small portion of a population's range due to difficult terrain or inclement weather, especially for populations with extensive ranges. Thus, to maximise encounters, sampling efforts may be largely - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Cetaceans on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kaua’i, in February 2024](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal2024_februarykauai/) - As part of the long-term United States (U.S.) Navy-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 11-19 February 2024, Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) carried out a vessel-based field effort in conjunction with passive acoustic monitoring undertaken by the U.S. Navy (Navy) scientists on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The - [Utilizing Long-Term Opportunistic Sightings Records to Document Spatio-Temporal Shifts in Mysticete Presence and Use in the Central Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/olson_etal_2024fcosc/) - The Salish Sea supports several baleen whale species, including humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), gray (Eschrichtius robustus) and minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). With the exception of minke whales, these species were decimated by commercial whaling in the 1900s. Because recovery of these populations is monitored on broad spatial scales determined by stocks or populations, their use of the - [Common Cetacean Species Misidentifications](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_jefferson_2024am/) - This errata version corrects a species identification error in the original (removed by the authors and journal) publication, which incorrectly identified a group of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) as melonheaded whales (Peponocephala electra). This is not the first time that a “blackfish” misidentification has occurred in print (Baird, 2010). For example, Watkins et al. - [Changes in Blue Whale Survival and Abundance in the Gulf of California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whittome_etal_2024/) - Understanding the drivers of population abundance and distribution is fundamental to ecology and key to informing conservation actions, particularly in endangered species like blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus). Historically, some Eastern North Pacific blue whales have aggregated in the Gulf of California (GoC) each winter. Using photo-identification data collected around Loreto Bay from 1984 to 2020, - [Development of Single-Pin, Un-Barbed, Pole-Tagging of Free-Swimming Dolphins and Sharks with Satellite-Linked Transmitters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/moore_etal_2024ab/) - Background To tag large marine vertebrates, without the need to catch them, avoiding using barbs for tag retention, and precisely controlling tag location, the remote Tag Attachment Device on a pole (TADpole) was developed. This allows single-pin tags (Finmount, Wildlife Computers) to be attached to the dorsal fins of free-swimming large marine vertebrates. Results TADpole - [Sexually Dimorphic Characteristics of Short-Finned Pilot Whales, False Killer Whales, Pygmy Killer Whales, and Melon-Headed Whales Assessed Using Fin and Body Morphometrics from Photographs Taken at Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/yahn_etal_2022/) - Adults of many free-ranging delphinid species cannot be reliably sexed at sea. Sexually mature, known-sex adult short-finned pilot, pygmy killer, melon-headed, and false killer whales were profiled from at-sea photos to assess proportional fin and body dimorphism. Males of all four species had larger dorsal fins proportional to anterior body length. False killer whales showed - [Biogeography in the Deep: Hierarchical Population Genomic Structure of Two Beaked Whale Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/onoufriou_etal_2022_gec/) - The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on Earth, yet little is known about the processes driving patterns of genetic diversity in its inhabitants. Here, we investigated the macro- and microevolutionary processes shaping genomic population structure and diversity in two poorly understood, globally distributed, deep-sea predators: Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s beaked whale - [Two Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Sightings off Hawaiʻi Island: The First Records for the Central Tropical Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2022am/) - [Worldwide Phylogeography of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) Provides Evidence for Subspecies Delimitation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/albertson_etal_2022/) - Rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) have a global tropical and subtropical distribution with oceanic, neritic, and island-associated populations. To inform conservation and management for this species, we used sequences from the mtDNA control region (n = 360), mitogenomes (n = 19), and six nuclear introns (n = 35) to provide multiple lines of evidence to critically evaluate the potential taxonomic status of - [Long-Term Associations of Common Bottlenose Dolphins with a Fish Farm in Hawaiʻi and Impacts on Other Protected Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2023/) - The global expansion of mariculture offers numerous potential benefits but may also pose a threat to wildlife populations. There is currently only one commercial finfish mariculture facility in Hawaiʻi, a nearshore kanpachi (Seriola rivoliana) farm off the west coast of Hawaiʻi Island. This farm lies within the range of several resident odontocete species, and almost - [Long-Term Strategies for Studying Rare Species: Results and Lessons from a Multi-Species Study of Odontocetes Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2024pcb/) - English: Context. Funding agencies are often unlikely to fund research on rarely-encountered species and limited time is usually spent with such species when they are not the focus of research. Thus, knowledge of these species often lags behind their encounter rates. Aims. To gain information on rarely-encountered odontocetes in Hawai‘i while simultaneously studying common ones. - [Biologically Important Areas II for Cetaceans within U.S. and Adjacent Waters - West Coast Region](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calambokidis_etal_2024bias/) - Here we update U.S. West Coast Biologically Important Areas (BIAs) that were published in 2015 using new data and approaches. Additionally, BIAs were delineated for two species that were not delineated in the 2015 BIAs: fin whales and Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW). While harbor porpoise BIAs remained the same, substantial changes were made for - [Bellwethers of Change: Population Modelling of North Pacific Humpback Whales from 2002 through 2021 Reveals Shift from Recovery to Climate Response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cheeseman_etal_2024rsos/) - For the 40 years after the end of commercial whaling in 1976, humpback whale populations in the North Pacific Ocean exhibited a prolonged period of recovery. Using mark–recapture methods on the largest individual photo-identification dataset ever assembled for a cetacean, we estimated annual ocean-basin-wide abundance for the species from 2002 through 2021. Trends in annual - [Progress Report on Genetic Assignment of Humpback Whales from the California-Oregon Feeding Aggregation to the Mainland Mexico and Central America Wintering Grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal_2020report/) - Humpback whales undertake annual migrations from low-latitude wintering grounds to higher latitude feeding grounds. Individuals learn their migratory routes from their mothers and exhibit strong fidelity to both feeding and wintering grounds. This migratory behavior results in a population structure best characterized as migratory herds, with members of the same herd sharing the same wintering - [Report on the California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES): Cetacean and Seabird Data Collection Efforts, June 26 – December 4, 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henry_etal_2020report/) - The 2018 California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES) was a joint project of the Marine Mammal and Turtle Division (MMTD) and the Fisheries Resources Division (FRD) of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC). The survey was conducted over the course of 7 legs aboard the NOAA ship Reuben Lasker between 26 - [Evidence of a Small, Island-Associated Population of Common Bottlenose Dolphins in the Mariana Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal_2024/) - Small, island-associated populations of cetaceans have evolved around numerous oceanic islands, likely due to habitat discontinuities between nearshore and offshore waters. However, little is known about the ecology and structure of cetacean populations around the Mariana Islands, a remote archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean. We present sighting, photo-identification, and genetic data collected during twelve - [Environmental Drivers of Persistent Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Feeding Events in a Mexican Breeding Area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ransome_etal_2024meps/) - Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae typically fast for several months in low latitude breeding areas. Here we report on persistent feeding events during 5 wintering seasons between 2013 and 2020 in a known upwelling region of Banderas Bay of the mainland Mexico breeding area. In total, there were 76 unique feeding events documented (group size = - [Behavioral Responses of Fin Whales to Military Mid-Frequency Active Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southall_etal_2023rsos/) - The effect of active sonars on marine mammal behaviour is a topic of considerable interest and scientific investigation. Some whales, including the largest species (blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus), can be impacted by mid-frequency (1–10 kHz) military sonars. Here we apply complementary experimental methods to provide the first experimentally controlled measurements of behavioural responses to military sonar - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Odontocetes on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauaʻi, in August 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal2023_august2023kauai/) - As part of the long-term United States (U.S.) Navy-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 5–13 August 2023, Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) carried out a vessel-based field effort in conjunction with passive acoustic monitoring undertaken by U.S. Navy (Navy) scientists on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The effort - [Odontocete Detections Are Linked to Oceanographic Conditions in the Hawaiian Archipelago](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ziegenhorn_etal_2023cee/) - Understanding environmental drivers of species’ behavior is key for successful conservation. Within cetacean research, studies focused on understanding such drivers often consider local conditions (e.g., sea surface temperature), but rarely include large-scale, long-term parameters such as climate indices. Here we make use of long-term passive acoustic monitoring data to examine relationships between eight classes of - [Survey Report for the 1997 Aerial Surveys for Harbor Porpoise and Other Marine Mammals of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia Outside Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/survey-report-1997-aerial-surveys-harbor-porpoise-and-other-marine-mammals-oregon/) - We report the methods and the preliminary results of August/September 1997 aerial surveys for marine mammals that occupy the outside coastal waters of Oregon, Washington and southern British Columbia. Estimates of abundance of harbor porpoise and other marine mammals will be computed using data from these surveys and summarized in subsequent reports by the National - [Aerial Surveys for Marine Mammals in Washington and British Columbia Inside Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/aerial-surveys-marine-mammals-washington-and-british-columbia-inside-waters/) - This report summarizes information gathered by Cascadia Research under Contract #52ABNF-6-00092 funded by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML). The primary purpose of this contract was to determine the abundance of harbor porpoise based on aerial surveys in the inland waters of Washington and British Columbia. In addition to this objective, the contract was amended - [False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens Cetacea: Delphinidae) along the Pacific Coast of Central America and Mexico: Long-Term Movements, Association Patterns and Assessment of Fishery Interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/douglas_etal_2023/) - Introduction: Worldwide, false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are infrequently encountered, yet long-term studies have shown strong site fidelity as well as long-term associations among individuals in several locations. Detailed studies of this species have primarily been conducted around tropical oceanic islands or in the subtropical southern hemisphere. Objectives: We assess movements and association patterns among - [Observations of Tissue Healing Around an Implanted "C" Tag in a Pacific Coast Feeding Group Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/observations-of-tissue-healing-around-an-implanted-c-tag-in-a-pacific-coast-feeding-group-gray-whale-eschrichtius-robustus/) - [Boom-Bust Cycles in Gray Whales Associated with Dynamic and Changing Arctic Conditions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/stewart_etal_2023science/) - Climate change is affecting a wide range of global systems, with polar ecosystems experiencing the most rapid change. Although climate impacts affect lower-trophic-level and short-lived species most directly, it is less clear how long-lived and mobile species will respond to rapid polar warming because they may have the short-term ability to accommodate ecological disruptions while - [Harassment and Killing of Porpoises ("phocoenacide") by Fish-Eating Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/giles_etal_2023mms/) - Endangered Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) are fish-eaters that preferentially prey on adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Despite being salmon specialists, individuals from all three killer whale pods (J, K, L) have been observed harassing and killing porpoises (family Phocoenidae) without consuming them. Retrospectively, we identified and analyzed 78 episodes of Southern Resident killer - [Drone Perspectives on Cetacean Mating and Sex](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ramos_etal_2023/) - Mating and sociosexual behaviors of cetaceans are challenging to study in nature because most species spend only brief periods of time at the surface and most copulation and courtship occurs underwater. Recent advancements in technology have enabled a new perspective on these behaviors. Drones, or unoccupied aerial systems, have revolutionized studies of marine mammals by - [Harbor Porpoise Aggregations in the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/anderson_etal_2023oceans/) - Harbor porpoises are typically seen in small groups of 1–3 individuals, with aggregations of 20+ individuals treated as rare events. Since the 1990s, the harbor porpoise population in the Salish Sea has seen a significant recovery, and an increased number of observed aggregations that exceed the more usual small group sizes has been observed in - [Identifying Social Clusters of Endangered Main Hawaiian Islands False Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mahaffy_etal_2023/) - The presence of distinct social groups within an animal population can result in heterogeneity in many aspects of its life history and ecology. The ability to accurately assess social group membership increases with the number of times individuals are identified, but obtaining sufficient sightings of rarely-encountered species can be difficult. Three social clusters were previously - [Ecological Aspects of False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) from Mexican Pacific and Southern California Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lazcano-pacheco_etal_2023/) - [Acoustic Behavior of Gray Whales Tagged with Biologging Devices on Foraging Grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/clayton_etal_2023frontiers/) - Understanding the function of baleen whale acoustic signals requires the investigation of calling behaviors relative to location, timing, and behavioral state. Previous studies of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) vocal behavior have principally used passive recorders and been conducted primarily on breeding grounds and along migratory routes, and not areas associated with foraging. We conducted an - [A Collaborative and Near-Comprehensive North Pacific Humpback Whale Photo-ID Dataset](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cheeseman_etal_2023/) - We present an ocean-basin-scale dataset that includes tail fluke photographic identification (photo-ID) and encounter data for most living individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the North Pacific Ocean. The dataset was built through a broad collaboration combining 39 separate curated photo-ID catalogs, supplemented with community science data. Data from throughout the North Pacific were aggregated - [Trade-Offs in Telemetry Tag Programming for Deep-Diving Cetaceans: Data Longevity, Resolution, and Continuity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cioffi_etal_2023/) - Animal-borne telemetry instruments (tags) have greatly advanced our understanding of species that are challenging to observe. Recently, non-recoverable instruments attached to cetaceans have increased in use, but these devices have limitations in data transmission bandwidth. We analyze trade-offs in the longevity, resolution, and continuity of data records from non-recoverable satellite-linked tags on deep-diving Ziphius cavirostris in - [A Deep Learning Approach to Photo-Identification Demonstrates High Performance on Two Dozen Cetacean Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/patton_etal_2023/) - Researchers can investigate many aspects of animal ecology through noninvasive photo–identification. Photo–identification is becoming more efficient as matching individuals between photos is increasingly automated. However, the convolutional neural network models that have facilitated this change need many training images to generalize well. As a result, they have often been developed for individual species that meet - [Field Measurements Reveal Exposure Risk to Microplastic Ingestion by Filter-Feeding Megafauna](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kahanerapport_etal_2022nc/) - Microparticles, such as microplastics and microfibers, are ubiquitous in marine food webs. Filter-feeding megafauna may be at extreme risk of exposure to microplastics, but neither the amount nor pathway of microplastic ingestion are well understood. Here, we combine depth-integrated microplastic data from the California Current Ecosystem with high-resolution foraging measurements from 191 tag deployments on - [Integrating Remote Sensing Methods During Controlled Exposure Experiments to Quantify Group Responses of Dolphins to Navy Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/durban_etal_2022mpb/) - Human noise can be harmful to sound-centric marine mammals. Significant research has focused on characterizing behavioral responses of protected cetacean species to navy mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS). Controlled exposure experiments (CEE) using animal-borne tags have proved valuable, but smaller dolphins are not amenable to tagging and groups of interacting individuals are more relevant behavioral units for - [Advanced Image Recognition: A Fully-Automated, High-Accuracy Photo-Identification Matching System for Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cheeseman_etal_2022me/) - We describe the development and application of a new convolutional neural network-based photo-identification algorithm for individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The method uses a Densely Connected Convolutional Network (DenseNet) to extract special keypoints of an image of the ventral surface of the fluke and then a separate DenseNet trained to look for features within these - [Minke Whale Feeding Rate Limitations Suggest Constraints on the Minimum Body Size for Engulfment Filtration Feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cade_etal_2023nature/) - Bulk filter feeding has enabled gigantism throughout evolutionary history. The largest animals, extant rorqual whales, utilize intermittent engulfment filtration feeding (lunge feeding), which increases in efficiency with body size, enabling their gigantism. The smallest extant rorquals (7–10 m minke whales), however, still exhibit short-term foraging efficiencies several times greater than smaller non-filter-feeding cetaceans, raising the question - [Abundance of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Wintering in Central America and Southern Mexico From a One-Dimensional Spatial Capture-Recapture Model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/curtis_etal_2022techmemo/) - Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off the U.S. West Coast are a mixture of whales from different Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), predominantly Central America and Mexico. Within DPSs, demographically independent populations (DIPs) of humpback whales are delineated as ‘migratory herds’ that share both wintering and feeding areas (Martien et - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Odontocetes on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauaʻi, in August 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2023kauai/) - As part of the long-term United States (U.S.) Navy-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 16–24 August 2022, Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) carried out a vessel-based field effort in conjunction with passive acoustic monitoring undertaken by U.S. Navy (Navy) scientists on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The effort - [The Migratory Whale Herd Concept: A Novel Unit to Conserve Under the Ecological Paradigm](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal_2023mms/) - Photographic and genetic studies have revealed the complex population structure of migratory large whales. Most research and management are geographically based, focusing on either wintering or summering areas, which in most cases fails to capture this complexity. We use examples from humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) to illustrate the concept of - [Year-Round Presence of Northern and Southern Hemisphere Blue Whales (Balaenoptera musculus) at the Galapagos Archipelago](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/denkinger_etal_2023/) - Information about blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific is scarce. Only a few whales have been seen in recent decades. Molecular research, photo ID and acoustic studies suggest a degree of connectivity between Chilean and Antarctic blue whales in potential breeding areas of the coast of Peru and the Galapagos, and also - [Field Studies and Analyses from 2020 through 2022 to Support the Cooperative Conservation and Long-Term Management of Main Hawaiian Islands Insular False Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2023_section6/) - In 2012 the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) insular population of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) was listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Language in the ESA encourages federal cooperation with States, and provides a mechanism for funding support for States to aid in conservation of endangered species (referred to as Section - [Odontocete Spatial Patterns and Temporal Drivers of Detection at Sites in the Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ziegenhorn_etal_2023/) - Successful conservation and management of marine top predators rely on detailed documentation of spatiotemporal behavior. For cetacean species, this information is key to defining stocks, habitat use, and mitigating harmful interactions. Research focused on this goal is employing methodologies such as visual observations, tag data, and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data. However, many studies are - [Biologically Important Areas II for Cetaceans Within U.S. and Adjacent Waters – Hawaiʻi Region](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2023/) - Twenty-six cetacean species have been documented in Hawaiʻi. Eleven odontocete species have distinct small populations resident to one or more island areas: rough-toothed dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins, common bottlenose dolphins, spinner dolphins, short-finned pilot whales, false killer whales, pygmy killer whales, melon-headed whales, Blainville’s beaked whales, Cuvier’s beaked whales, and dwarf sperm whales. Eight species - [Dwarf Sperm Whale, Kogia sima (Owen, 1866)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ploenbaird_2022/) - This comprehensive species-specific chapter covers all aspects of mammalian biology, including taxonomy, global and European distribution, genetics, morphology, life history, ecology, behavior, parasitology, human threats, and natural impacts on populations. Species conservation management and future research challenges are addressed. The chapter includes a distribution map, a photograph of the animal, and a list of key - [Northern Range Expansion of California Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/keener_etal_2023/) - The California coastal stock of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) expanded its range north from the Southern California Bight, its historical range, into Central California coincident with the 1982-1983 El Niño event. Since the late 1980s, bottlenose dolphin sightings north of Central California have been increasingly reported. To determine the present-day northern range limit for these - [Ship strikes on large whales in the Salish Sea, Washington State: Insights from recent strandings and two well-documented fatal strikes by Washington ferries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ship-strikes-on-large-whales-in-the-salish-sea-washington-state-insights-from-recent-strandings-and-two-well-documented-fatal-strikes-by-washington-ferries/) - Abstract Ship strikes on large whales are of growing concern around the world as shipping traffic and speeds have increased and whale populations have recovered. In most cases ship strikes go undocumented, neither observed by crew or a stranded carcass. We report the details on recent observations of ship strikes and strandings of humpback whales - [An Unexpected Benefit from Drone-Assisted Fecal Sample Collection: Picking Up Subsurface Poop After It Floats to the Surface](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2022_am/) - [Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Cottids, Mussels, and Sediment in Southern Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/polychlorinated-biphenyls-cottids-mussels-and-sediment-southern-puget-sound-washington/) - In Southern Puget Sound, PCB levels tend to be highest at or near the areas of highest population density, industry, and shipping activity. This is to be expected, since municipal and industrial outfalls provide the major input of PCB into the environment. PCB tends to accumulate near the source due to its low solubility in - [Harbor Seal Census for the Inland Waters of Washington, 1977-1978](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-census-inland-waters-washington-1977-1978/) - [Selective Retention of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Components in the Mussel, Mytilus edulis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/selective-retention-polychlorinated-biphenyl-components-mussel-mytilus-edulis/) - The retention properties of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) were examined in the mussel (Mytilus edulis) over a period of 89 days. Mussels were transferred from a site of relatively high PCB contamination to a site of relatively low PCB concentration in Puget Sound, Washington. Retention of PCB components increased with increasing chlorine content. Concentrations of PCB - [Migration of Bowhead Whales Past Cape Lisburne, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migration-bowhead-whales-past-cape-lisburne-alaska-0/) - [The Biology of Washington State Harbor Seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-washington-state-harbor-seals/) - [Thirty-Third Winter Bird-Population Study 51](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/thirty-third-winter-bird-population-study-51/) - [Bowhead Whale Length Estimates and Calf Counts in the Eastern Beaufort Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bowhead-whale-length-estimates-and-calf-counts-eastern-beaufort-sea/) - [Bowhead Whale Distribution in the Southeastern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf, Summer 1979](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bowhead-whale-distribution-southeastern-beaufort-sea-and-amundsen-gulf-summer-1979-0/) - The distribution of bowhead whales in the southeastern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf was determined from observations aboard commercial resupply vessels. Fifty-four to sixty-two whale sightings were recorded on the 2150 km (1160 nm) of transects. Distribution of whale sightings along transects was clumped. The proportion of whales seen near ice was significantly greater than - [Sex Determination of Dunlins in Winter Plumage](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sex-determination-dunlins-winter-plumage/) - In species of birds that exhibit no plumage dimorphism and only slight size dimorphism between the sexes, discriminant function analysis (DFA) allows researchers to predict the sex of individual birds using specific body measurements. This is the case with most sandpipers (Scolopacidae) and to date only Clark (1981) and Skeel (1982) have demonstrated that DFA - [Dunlin Weight Changes in Relation to Food Habits and Available Prey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dunlin-weight-changes-relation-food-habits-and-available-prey/) - The seasonal weight variations of the Dunlin (Calidris alpina) have been well documented in Europe (Evans 1964, Mascher 1966, Prater 1975, Eades and Okill 1977, Pienkowski et al. 1979, Davidson 1979), Northwest Africa (Dick and Pienkowski 1979), and North America (Holmes 1966, Page 1974, Kaiser and Gillingham 1981). Very little has been reported on lipid - [Interhabitat Movements of Wintering Dunlins in Western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/interhabitat-movements-wintering-dunlins-western-washington/) - At four areas in western Washington, wintering Dunlins (Calidris alpina) exhibited a regular pattern of movement (i.e. continuously followed the edge of the receding or incoming water) during 86% of the ebbing tides (N=50) and 50% of the flooding tides (N=24). During diurnal high tides, Dunlins roosted in fields, salt marshes, mudflats, and on log - [Mortality of Northern Fur Seal Pups in Relation to Growth and Birth Weights](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mortality-northern-fur-seal-pups-relation-growth-and-birth-weights/) - [Bald Eagles Feeding on Harbor Seal Placenta in Glacier Bay, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bald-eagles-feeding-harbor-seal-placenta-glacier-bay-alaska/) - [Success Rates of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Hunting Dunlin (Calidris alpina) During Winter](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/success-rates-peregrine-falcon-falco-peregrinus-hunting-dunlin-calidris-alpina-during/) - [California and Northern Sea Lions in Southern Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/california-and-northern-sea-lions-southern-puget-sound-washington/) - [Age and Sex Composition of Wintering Dunlin Populations in Western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/age-and-sex-composition-wintering-dunlin-populations-western-washington/) - [Some Unusual Observations of Dunlins in Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/some-unusual-observations-dunlins-washington/) - [Organochlorine Contamination in Shorebirds from Washington State and the Significance for Their Falcon Predators](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/organochlorine-contamination-shorebirds-washington-state-and-significance-their-falcon/) - Arctic-breeding shorebirds collected in western Washington state during winter and spring, and a comparative sample collected in coastal California during the winter were analyzed for organochlorine contaminants to determine the potential impact of these residues on populations of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and merlins (F. columbarius) which prey upon shorebirds in western Washington. Dunlins (Calidris - [Seasonality in the Occurrence of Long-Tailed Weasel Road-Kills](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/seasonality-occurrence-long-tailed-weasel-road-kills/) - [Sex Ratio Skew and Breeding Patterns of Gulls: Demographic and Toxicological Considerations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sex-ratio-skew-and-breeding-patterns-gulls-demographic-and-toxicological-considerations/) - Female-female pairing and nests with supernormal clutches @NC) of eggs occur in gull breeding colonies when two conditions are met: (1) sex ratio of breeding adults is skewed to females; and (2) nest sites are available for female-female pairs or polygynous trios. Expanding gull populations forming new colonies have SNC arising presumably from greater dispersion - [Distribution and Haul-Out Behavior of Harbor Seals in Glacier Bay, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-haul-out-behavior-harbor-seals-glacier-bay-alaska/) - Over 5,000 harbor seals haul out on icebergs calved from tidewater glaciers in Muir and Johns Hopkins Inlets in Glacier Bay, Alaska. During June, these sites are used primarily by parous females and pups, and in August, by molting seals. The number of mothers and pups was higher than expected for the total number of - [Bowhead Whale Segregation by Size Class on Summering Grounds as Determined Through Aerial Stereophotogrammetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bowhead-whale-segregation-size-class-summering-grounds-determined-through-aerial/) - Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) summering in the eastern Beaufort Sea in 1983 were measured through aerial stereophotogrammetry. Photos were taken from a turbine Aerocommander 690 with wingtip-mounted, calibrated 35-mm cameras. Photos were measured on an analytical plotter with scale data provided by radar altimeter and focal length of the lenses. Coefficient of variation of known-sized - [Migration and Winter Populations of Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) in Western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migration-and-winter-populations-greater-yellowlegs-tringa-melanoleuca-western/) - [North American Merlin Populations: An Analysis Using Christmas Bird Count Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/north-american-merlin-populations-analysis-using-christmas-bird-count-data/) - [The Snowy Plover in Southeastern Oregon and Western Nevada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/snowy-plover-southeastern-oregon-and-western-nevada/) - In 1980, we searched for Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) in an area of $130,000\ {\rm km}^{2}$ in southeastern Oregon and western Nevada. We found 2016 adult Snowy Plovers at 23 sites. Plovers were consistently associated with water and occurred on bare or sparsely vegetated alkaline substrates. We found 72 nests; nesting was documented at all - [Merlin Predation on Wintering Dunlins: Hunting Techniques, Success Rates, and the Escape Tactics of Dunlins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/merlin-predation-wintering-dunlins-hunting-techniques-success-rates-and-escape-tactics/) - Interactions between Merlins (Falco columbarius) and Dunlins (Calidris alpina) were studied at estuarine areas in western Washington during winter, 1979 to 1985. Twenty-five of 111 hunting flights by Merlins were successful (22.5%). Five of seven capture attempt techniques were used successfully with a success rate of 4.9%. The most common capture techniques were the stoop - [The Abundance and Migration of Shorebirds at Two Puget Sound Estuaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-migration-shorebirds-two-puget-sound-estuaries/) - [The Effect of Kleptoparasitism on Hunting Behavior and Performance by Merlins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/effect-kleptoparasitism-hunting-behavior-and-performance-merlins/) - [Mortality of Harbor Seal Pups at Different Sites in the Inland Waters of Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mortality-harbor-seal-pups-different-sites-inland-waters-washington/) - We examined the mortality rates and causes of death of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups in three regions of the inland waters of Washington (USA) in 1984. One hundred eight pups were collected during 239 searches of the shoreline areas near harbor seal haulout sites or through public reports. Minimum neonatal (up to 1 mo - [Surfacing Rates of Minke Whales in Norwegian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/surfacing-rates-minke-whales-norwegian-water/) - [Simulation Modelling of the Effects of Oil Spills on Population Dynamics of Northern Fur Seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/simulation-modelling-effects-oil-spills-population-dynamics-northern-fur-seals/) - Models of population dynamics and migration were developed and combined with an oil spill simulation model to determine the effects of potential oil spills on the Pribilof Island fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) population. In the population dynamics model, mortality of pups on land and juveniles up to 2 years of age is density-dependent, while that - [Norwegian Whale Sightings Surveys in the North Atlantic, 1987](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/norwegian-whale-sightings-surveys-north-atlantic-1987/) - [A Simulation of Seasonal Migration and Daily Movements of the Northern Fur Seal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/simulation-seasonal-migration-and-daily-movements-northern-fur-seal/) - A simulation model of the movements of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) population within the Bering Sea has been developed based on reported observations of fur seal distributions in the field and tagging studies. The model tracks the movements in time and space of specific groups of seals differentiated by age, sex and reproductive - [Winter Populations of Douglas' Squirrels in Different-Aged Douglas-Fir Forests](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/winter-populations-douglas-squirrels-different-aged-douglas-fir-forests/) - We counted Douglas' squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii) along established transects in naturally regenerated old-growth and younger Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the Cascade Range of southern Washington State during 3 consecutive winters beginning in 1983-84. Squirrel populations were generally higher in old-growth forests and varied dramatically from year to year in synchrony with variations in the - [Population Estimates of Humpback Whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-estimates-humpback-whales-gulf-farallones-california/) - We examined population estimates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) based on photo-identification and aerial surveys in the Gulf of the Farallones, California. Population estimates for 1986-8 were made within years, between years and among years; methods used to estimate population size included the total number of individuals, the rate of discovery, mark-recapture estimators (Petersen estimator with the - [Sightings and Movements of Blue Whales off Central California 1986-88 from Photo-Identification of Individuals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-and-movements-blue-whales-central-california-1986-88-photo-identification/) - We summarize research into the relative abundance and movements of blue whales off central California using data from aerial surveys and photo-identification of individuals from vessels. The Gulf of the Farallones region (including north to Bodega Bay) was the primary study area; 1457hrs of vessel surveys and 88hrs of aerial surveys were carried out from July to November - [Influence of Seasonal Migration on Geographic Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes in Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/influence-seasonal-migration-geographic-distribution-mitochondrial-dna-haplotypes/) - Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate nearly 10,000 km each year between summer feeding grounds in temperate or near-polar waters and winter breeding grounds in shallow tropical waters. Observations of marked individuals suggest that major oceanic populations of humpback whales are divided into a number of distinct seasonal subpopulations which are not separated by obvious geographic - [Sightings and Movements of Humpback Whales in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-and-movements-humpback-whales-puget-sound-washington/) - Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeanliae) were some of the most common large cetaceans in the inland waters of Washinton, including Puget Sound, in the early 1900's (Scheffer and Slipp 1948). They were heavily hunted in the eastern North Pacific from early 1900's through 1965 (Rice 1974, 1978). A whaling station at Bay City, Grays Harbor, Washington, processed - [Movement of Humpback Whales Between California and Costa Rica](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-humpback-whales-between-california-and-costa-rica/) - We report on the migration of two humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between central California and Costa Rica. - [Molecular Genetic Identification of the Sex of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/molecular-genetic-identification-sex-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae/) - Hybridisation of an human Y chromosome clone (pDP 1007) with Eco RI restricted DNA from male and female humpback whales revealed restriction-fragment patterns similar to those previously reported in other placental mammals. The sex-specificity of these restriction fragments in humpback whales was verified using DNA from necropsy samples of 11 individuals from the Southern Gulf - [Eggshell Thinning and Organochlorine Contaminants in Western Washington Waterbirds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/eggshell-thinning-and-organochlorine-contaminants-western-washington-waterbirds/) - Within the Puget Sound, Washington, marine environment there are urban-industrial areas with a known variety of pollutants present, including PCB's and DDT/DDE. In 1984 we studied five species of waterbirds for effects of pollutants at urban-industrial sites and in more remote areas of western Washington. No significant thinning was observed in the eggs of Double-crested - [Individual Identification of Gray Whales in Puget Sound in 1991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/individual-identification-gray-whales-puget-sound-1991/) - [Gray Whale Deaths in Puget Sound: A Perspective](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-deaths-puget-sound-perspective/) - [Population Characteristics of DNA Fingerprints in Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-characteristics-dna-fingerprints-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae/) - Humpback whales exhibit a remarkable social organization that is characterized by seasonal long-distance migration (> 10,000 km/year) between summer feeding grounds in high latitudes and winter calving and breeding grounds in tropical or near-tropical waters. All populations are currently considered endangered as a result of intensive commercial exploitation during the last 200 years. Using three - [Abundant Mitochondrial DNA Variation and World-Wide Population Structure in Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundant-mitochondrial-dna-variation-and-world-wide-population-structure-humpback/) - Hunting during the last 200 years reduced many populations of mysticete whales to near extinction. To evaluate potential genetic bottlenecks in these exploited populations, we examined mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from 90 individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) representing six subpopulations in three ocean basins. Comparisons of relative nucleotide and nucleotype diversity reveal an abundance of genetic variation in all but one of - [Hierarchical Structure of Mitochondrial DNA Gene Flow Among Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae, World-Wide](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hierarchical-structure-mitochondrial-dna-gene-flow-among-humpback-whales-megaptera/) - The genetic structure of humpback whale populations and subpopulation divisions is described by restriction fragment length analysis of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA from samples of 230 whales collected by biopsy darting in 11 seasonal habitats representing six subpopulations, or ‘stocks’, world-wide. The hierarchical structure of mtDNA haplotype diversity among population subdivisions is described using the - [Blue Whales off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whales-california/) - [Movement of a Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Japan to British Columbia and Return](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-humpback-whale-megaptera-novaeangliae-japan-british-columbia-and-return/) - We report the first records of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) observed off both Japan and British Columbia. This whale was photographically identified off Japan in April 1990 and March 1991, off British Columbia in August 1991, and again off Japan in March 1993, as shown in Figure 1. The Japanese sightings were all in - [Interchange and Isolation of Humpback Whales off California and Other North Pacific Feeding Grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/interchange-and-isolation-humpback-whales-california-and-other-north-pacific-feeding/) - Humpback whales feed in several high-latitude areas of the North Pacific. We examined the interchange of humpback whales between one of these areas, off California, and those in other feeding grounds in the eastern North Pacific. Fluke photographs of 597 humpback whales identified off California between 1986 and 1992 were compared with those off Oregon - [Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Harbor Seal Pups from the Inland Waters of Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/polychlorinated-biphenyls-and-organochlorine-pesticides-harbor-seal-pups-inland-waters/) - Blubber and liver samples from eight harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups, found dead at Puget Sound in 1990, have been analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners including mono- ortho and non-ortho coplanar PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'- DDE, and mirex. Four of the seals were from Smith Island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and four - [Humpback Whales and The California-Costa Rica Connection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-california-costa-rica-connection/) - Just 30 years ago, the humpback whales off central California, hunted from whaling stations based in San Francisco Bay, were nearly wiped out. Then, in the 1980s, sightings began increasing, suggesting recovery. Still, little was known about how many whales there were feeding off California, where they were coming from, and where they migrated to - [Probability of Detecting Harbor Porpoise From Aerial Surveys: Estimating g(0)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/probability-detecting-harbor-porpoise-aerial-surveys-estimating-g0/) - Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and most other cetaceans, spend a significant proportion of time submerged, and are undetectable from the air. Abundance estimates based on line transect sampling may be severely biased by assuming that all porpoise near the line are detected [g(0) = 1]. By tracking groups of harbor porpoise from land, we estimated - [Population Structure of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Variation Among Humpback Whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-structure-nuclear-and-mitochondrial-dna-variation-among-humpback-whales/) - The population structure of variation in a nuclear actin intron and the control region of mitochondrial DNA is described for humpback whales from eight regions in the North Pacific Ocean: central California, Baja Peninsula, nearshore Mexico (Bahia Banderas), offshore Mexico (Socorro Island), southeastern Alaska, central Alaska (Prince Williams Sound), Hawaii and Japan (Ogasawara Islands). Primary - [Movements of North Pacific Blue Whales During the Feeding Season off Southern California and Southern Fall Migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-north-pacific-blue-whales-during-feeding-season-southern-california-and/) - The satellite-acquired locations of 10 blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) tagged off southern California with Argos radio tags were used to identify (1) their movements during the late summer feeding season; (2) the routes and rate of travel for individuals on their southern fall migration; and (3) a possible winter calving/breeding area. Whales were tracked from - [Sink or Swim: Strategies for Cost-Efficient Diving by Marine Mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sink-or-swim-strategies-cost-efficient-diving-marine-mammals/) - Locomotor activity by diving marine mammals is accomplished while breath-holding and often exceeds predicted aerobic capacities. Video sequences of freely diving seals and whales wearing submersible cameras reveal a behavioral strategy that improves energetic effciency in these animals. Prolonged gliding (greater than 78% descent duration) occurred during dives exceeding 80 meters in depth. Gliding was - [Reproductive Rates of Humpback Whales off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/reproductive-rates-humpback-whales-california/) - From 1986 to 1996 we examined the reproductive rates, calving rates, and reproductive histories of mature females as part of photo-identification studies of humpback whales that feed off California, Oregon, and Washington during summer and fall. Annual reproductive rates were measured by two methods: proportion of all whales that were calves based on sightings (0.6% - [Migratory Destinations of Humpback Whales that Feed off California, Oregon and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migratory-destinations-humpback-whales-feed-california-oregon-and-washington/) - The migratory destinations of humpback whales that feed off California, Oregon and Washington were determined using photo-identification. Fluke photographs of 594 individuals were taken between 1981 and 1992 and compared to collections from 9 wintering regions in the North Pacific: Ogasawara (162), Okinawa (17) islands of Japan; the Big Island and Maui (634 for both) - [Migratory Destinations of Humpback Whales Wintering in the Mexican Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migratory-destinations-humpback-whales-wintering-mexican-pacific/) - The migratory destinations of humpback whales that winter off the Pacific coast of Mexico were examined using photo-identification. Fluke photographs taken between 1983 and 1993 from the three main whale aggregations in this area (383 from the Mainland coast; 471 from Baja California Peninsula; and 450 from Revillagigedo Archipelago) were compared with collections from all - [Movements and Population Structure of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-and-population-structure-humpback-whales-north-pacific/) - Despite the extensive use of photographic identification methods to investigate humpback whales in the North Pacific, few quantitative analyses have been conducted. We report on a comprehensive analysis of interchange in the North Pacific among three wintering regions (Mexico, Hawaii, and Japan) each with two to three subareas, and feeding areas that extend from southern - [Organochlorine Contaminant Concentrations and Lipid Profiles in Eastern North Pacific Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/organochlorine-contaminant-concentrations-and-lipid-profiles-eastern-north-pacific-gray/) - Organochlorine (OC) contaminant concentrations in tissues and lipid profiles in blubber are summarised for 101 gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from the eastern North Pacific stock. Samples were obtained from presumably healthy gray whales during a 1994 subsistence hunt in the Russian Arctic (n=17) and also from biopsy sampling of live animals from the Washington coast - [The Acoustic Calls of Blue Whales off California with Gender Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-calls-blue-whales-california-gender-data/) - The acoustic calls of blue whales off California are described with visual observations of behavior and with acoustic tracking. Acoustic call data with corresponding position tracks are analyzed for five calling blue whales during one 100-min time period. Three of the five animals produced type A-B calls while two produced another call type which we - [Effect of Anthropogenic Low-Frequency Noise on the Foraging Ecology of Balaenoptera Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/effect-anthropogenic-low-frequency-noise-foraging-ecology-balaenoptera-whales/) - The human contribution to ambient noise in the ocean has increased over the past 50 years, and is dominated by low-frequency (LF) sound (frequencies - [Abundance, Range and Movements of a Feeding Aggregation of Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from California to Southeastern Alaska in 1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-range-and-movements-feeding-aggregation-ofgray-whales-eschrichtius-robustus/) - This study documents the range, abundance and movements of a feeding aggregation of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in the Pacific northwest. Identification photographs were collected by eight collaborating organizations between March and November 1998. Surveys extended between northern California and southeastern Alaska. Effort was variable by region and was concentrated off the northern Washington coast - [Trends and Status of Harbor Seals in Washington State: 1978-1999](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-and-status-harbor-seals-washington-state-1978-1999/) - In the first half of the twentieth century, harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) numbers were severely reduced in Washington state by a state-financed population control program. Seal numbers began to recover after the cessation of bounties in 1960 and passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in 1972. From 1978 to 1999, aerial surveys were - [Distribution and Abundance of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and Other Marine Mammals off the Northern Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-abundance-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-and-other-marine/) - We examined the summer distribution of marine mammals off the northern Washington coast based on six ship transect surveys conducted between 1995 and 2002, primarily from the NOAA ship McArthur. Additionally, small boat surveys were conducted in the same region between 1989 and 2002 to gather photographic identification data on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and - [Abundance of Blue and Humpback Whales in the Eastern North Pacific Estimated by Capture-Recapture and Line-Transect Methods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-blue-and-humpback-whales-eastern-north-pacific-estimated-capture-recapture/) - We estimated humpback and blue whale abundance from 1991 to 1997 off the west coast of the U.S. and Mexico comparing capture-recapture models based on photographically identified animals and line-transect methods from ship-based surveys. During photo-identification research we obtained 4,212 identifications of 824 humpback whales and 2,403 identifications of 908 blue whales primarily through non-systematic - [Cetacean Strandings in Oregon and Washington Between 1930 and 2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cetacean-strandings-oregon-and-washington-between-1930-and-2002/) - The Northwest Region (NWR) Marine Mammal Stranding Network was created in the early 1980s to provide a consistent framework in which to collect and compile data about marine mammal strandings in Oregon and Washington. The NWR includes the nearshore waters and 4,243km (2,632 n.miles) of coastline. For the years 1930-2002, there were 904 stranding events, representing - [Stratification of Lipids, Fatty Acids and Organochlorine Contaminants in Blubber of White Whales and Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/stratification-lipids-fatty-acids-and-organochlorine-contaminants-blubber-white-whales/) - The biopsy - via dart, trocar or surgery - is becoming the preferred protocol for sampling skin and blubber of many cetacean species, because a small sample from a healthy animal may provide better information than a larger sample collected via necropsy from an ill or emaciated animal. Furthermore, the biopsy is often the only means - [Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, Reveal a Combination of Local and Global Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Dioxin, and Furan Signals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-british-columbia-canada-and-washington-state-usa-reveal/) - The harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) can serve as a useful indicator of food web contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of its high trophic level, wide distribution in emperate coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere, and relative ease of capture. In 1996 through 1997, we live-captured 60 harbor seal pups from three regions, spanning - [False Killer Whale Dorsal Fin Disfigurements as a Possible Indicator of Long-Line Fishery Interactions in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whale-dorsal-fin-disfigurements-possible-indicator-long-line-fishery/) - Scarring resulting from entanglement in fishing gear can be used to examine cetacean fishery interactions. False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are known to interact with the Hawai‘i-based tuna and swordfish long-line fishery in offshore Hawaiian waters. We examined the rate of major dorsal fin disfigurements of false killer whales from nearshore waters around the main - [Factors Influencing the Diving Behaviour of Fish-Eating Killer Whales: Sex Differences and Diel and Interannual Variation in Diving Rates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/factors-influencing-diving-behaviour-fish-eating-killer-whales-sex-differences-and-diel/) - Diving behaviour of air-breathing vertebrates may be influenced by a variety of factors including age, body size, and changes in prey behaviour and (or) abundance over both short and long timescales. We studied the diving behaviour of a highly sexually dimorphic odontocete cetacean, the killer whale, Orcinus orca (L., 1758), using suction cup- attached time-depth - [Sightings of Dwarf (Kogia sima) and Pygmy (K. breviceps) Sperm Whales from the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-dwarf-kogia-sima-and-pygmy-k-breviceps-sperm-whales-main-hawaiian-islands/) - Sightings of dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (K. breviceps) sperm whales in Hawaiian waters have only rarely been reported. As part of boat-based surveys of odontocete cetaceans around the main Hawaiian Islands between 2000 and 2003, Kogia were observed on 18 occasions. Kogia were sighted most frequently in deeper portions of the study area (mean - [Suspected Surplus Killing of Harbor Seal Pups (Phoca vitulina) by Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/suspected-surplus-killing-harbor-seal-pups-phoca-vitulina-killer-whales-orcinus-orca/) - Within the inland waters of Washington State and southern British Columbia Province, 3 distinct ecotypes of killer whales (Orcinus orca) occur. The better known ‘‘resident’’ and ‘‘transient’’ populations each display unique genetic (Hoelzel and others 2002), dietary (Baird and Dill 1995; Ford and others 1998), behavioral (Baird 2000), vocal (Ford 1990) and morphological differences (Baird - [Patterns of Cetacean Sighting Distribution in the Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone of Costa Rica, Based on Data Collected from 1979-2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/patterns-cetacean-sighting-distribution-pacific-exclusive-economic-zone-costa-rica/) - Nineteen species of cetaceans (families Balaenopteridae, Kogiidae, Physeteridae, Ziphiidae and Delphinidae) occur in the Costa Rican Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Based on data recorded from the EEZ by the Southwest Fisheries Service Center, Cascadia Research Collective, and CIMAR between 1979- 2001, we mapped the distribution of 18 cetacean species. Our results suggest that the - [Diving Behaviour of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) in Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diving-behaviour-cuviers-ziphius-cavirostris-and-blainvilles-beaked-whales-mesoplodon/) - Beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) are thought to be among the longest and deepest diving mammals, and some species appear to be prone to mass-strand in response to high-intensity sonar. We studied diving behaviour of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817)) beaked whales in Hawiian waters using suction-cup-attached time-depth recorders. - [Killer Whales in Hawaiian Waters: Information on Population Identity and Feeding Habits](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/killer-whales-hawaiian-waters-information-population-identity-and-feeding-habits/) - Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have only infrequently been reported from Hawaiian waters, and most of what is known about killer whales worldwide comes from studies in coastal temperate waters. Here we present 21 records of killer whales from within the Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone between 1994 and 2004. Killer whales were recorded nine months of - [Understanding the Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Beaked Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/understanding-impacts-anthropogenic-sound-beaked-whales/) - This review considers the effect of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales². Two major conclusions are presented: (1) gas-bubble disease, induced in supersaturated tissue by a behavioural response to acoustic exposure, is a plausible pathologic mechanism for the morbidity and mortality seen in cetaceans associated with sonar exposure and merits further investigation; and (2) current monitoring - [Kinematics of Diving and Lunge-Feeding in Fin Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kinematics-diving-and-lunge-feeding-fin-whales/) - Fin whales are among the largest predators on earth, yet little is known about their foraging behavior at depth. These whales obtain their prey by lunge-feeding, an extraordinary biomechanical event where large amounts of water and prey are engulfed and filtered. This process entails a high energetic cost that effectively decreases dive duration and increases - [Migratory Destinations of Humpback Whales from the Magellan Strait Feeding Ground, Southeast Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migratory-destinations-humpback-whales-magellan-strait-feeding-ground-southeast-pacific/) - Historical summer feeding and winter breeding grounds of humpback whales in the southeast Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have been recorded in the west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer and off Ecuador and Colombia during the austral winter (Kellogg 1929, Mackintosh 1965, Fl´orez- Gonz´alez et al. 1998, Scheidat et al. 2000, F´elix - [Genetic Variation and Evidence for Population Structure in Eastern North Pacific False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/genetic-variation-and-evidence-population-structure-eastern-north-pacific-false-killer/) - False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)) are incidentally taken in the North Pacific pelagic long-line fishery, but little is known about their population structure to assess the impact of these takes. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data, we quantified genetic variation for the species and tested for genetic differentiation among geographic strata. - [Winter Foraging Behavior of Silver-Haired and California Myotis Bats in Western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/winter-foraging-behavior-silver-haired-and-california-myotis-bats-western-washington/) - The wintering strategies of many species of bats in the Pacific Northwest are poorly understood (Barbour and Davis 1969; Kunz 1982). Although Silver-haired Bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and California Myotis (Myotis californicus) have been observed wintering in Washington State and British Columbia (Nagorsen and others 1993), the specifics of their wintering behaviors and distributions in the region - [Vulnerability of a Killer Whale Social Network to Disease Outbreaks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vulnerability-killer-whale-social-network-disease-outbreaks/) - Emerging infectious diseases are among the main threats to conservation of biological diversity. A crucial task facing epidemiologists is to predict the vulnerability of populations of endangered animals to disease outbreaks. In this context, the network structure of social interactions within animal populations may affect disease spreading. However, endangered animal populations are often small and - [Persistent Organic Pollutants and Stable Isotopes in Biopsy Samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/persistent-organic-pollutants-and-stable-isotopes-biopsy-samples-20042006-southern/) - ‘‘Southern Resident’’ killer whales include three ‘‘pods’’ (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as ‘‘endangered’’ in the US and Canada following a 20% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential - [Site Fidelity, Associations and Movements of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) Beaked Whales off the Island of Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/site-fidelity-associations-and-movements-cuviers-ziphius-cavirostris-and-blainvilles/) - Although the Ziphiidae are the second-most speciose family of cetaceans, information on beaked whale species and populations has been limited by the difficulties in finding and approaching free-ranging individuals. Site fidelity, patterns of association, and movements of two species, Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales, were assessed using a 21-yr photographic data - [Blue Whale Visual and Acoustic Encounter Rates in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-visual-and-acoustic-encounter-rates-southern-california-bight/) - The relationship between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) visual and acoustic encounter rates was quantitatively evaluated using hourly counts of detected whales during shipboard surveys off southern California. Encounter rates were estimated using temporal, geographic, and weather variables within a generalized additive model framework. Visual encounters (2.06 animals/h, CV = 0.10) varied with subregion, Julian day, - [Behavioral Context of Call Production by Eastern North Pacific Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/behavioral-context-call-production-eastern-north-pacific-blue-whales/) - We assessed the behavioral context of calls produced by blue whales Balaenoptera musculus off the California coast based on acoustic, behavioral, and dive data obtained through acoustic recording tags, sex determination from tissue sampling, and coordinated visual and acoustic observations. Approximately one-third of 38 monitored blue whales vocalized, with sounds categorized into 3 types: (1) - [Southern Hemisphere Whales Wintering off Central America: Insights from Water Temperature into the Longest Mammalian Migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/southern-hemisphere-whales-wintering-central-america-insights-water-temperature-longest/) - We report on a wintering area off the Pacific coast of Central America for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrating from feeding areas off Antarctica. We document seven individuals, including a mother/calf pair, that made this migration (approx. 8300 km), the longest movement undertaken by any mammal. Whales were observed as far north as 118 N - [Killer Whales and Marine Mammal Trends in the North Pacific - A Re-Examination of Evidence for Sequential Megafauna Collapse and the Prey-Switching Hypothesis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/killer-whales-and-marine-mammal-trends-north-pacific-re-examination-evidence-sequential/) - Springer et al. (2003) contend that sequential declines occurred in North Pacific populations of harbor and fur seals, Steller sea lions, and sea otters. They hypothesize that these were due to increased predation by killer whales, when industrial whaling’s removal of large whales as a supposed primary food source precipitated a prey switch. Using a - [Baleen Whales Are Not Important as Prey for Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in High-Latitude Regions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baleen-whales-are-not-important-prey-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-high-latitudes/) - Certain populations of killer whales Orcinus orca feed primarily or exclusively on marine mammals. However, whether or not baleen whales represent an important prey source for killer whales is debatable. A hypothesis by Springer et al. (2003) suggested that overexploitation of large whales by industrial whaling forced killer whales to prey-switch from baleen whales to - [Incidence of Ship Strikes of Large Whales in Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/incidence-ship-strikes-large-whales-washington-state/) - Ship strikes of large whales cause mortalities worldwide, but there is uncertainty regarding the frequency and species involved. We examined 130 records (from 1980–2006) of large whale strandings in Washington State. Nineteen strandings (seven species) had evidence of ship-strikes. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) had the highest incidence of ante-mortem ship strike (five of seven, with - [A Worldwide Perspective on the Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in New Zealand](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/worldwide-perspective-population-structure-and-genetic-diversity-bottlenose-dolphins/) - Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) occupy a wide range of coastal and pelagic habitats throughout tropical and temperate waters worldwide. In some regions, ‘‘inshore’’ and ‘‘offshore’’ forms or ecotypes differ genetically and morphologically, despite no obvious boundaries to interchange. Around New Zealand, bottlenose dolphins inhabit 3 coastal regions: Northland, Marlborough Sounds, and Fiordland. Previous demographic studies - [Diel Variation in Beaked Whale Diving Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diel-variation-beaked-whale-diving-behavior/) - We investigate diel variation in beaked whale diving behavior using data from time-depth recorders deployed on six Blainsville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) (255 h) and two Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) (34 h) beaked whales. Deep foraging dives (>800 m) occurred at similar rates during the day and night for Blainsville's beaked whales, and there were no significant diel differences - [Site Fidelity and Association Patterns in a Deep-Water Dolphin: Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) in the Hawaiian Archipelago](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/site-fidelity-and-association-patterns-deep-water-dolphin-rough-toothed-dolphins-steno/) - In the Pacific, rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) are typically found in the open ocean and in deep waters around oceanic islands. We examined habitat use, site fidelity, movements, and association patterns of this species in the main Hawaiian Islands. Sighting rates were highest in depths >1,500 m. There were frequent within- and between-year resightings off - [False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) Around the Main Hawaiian Islands: Long-Term Site Fidelity, Inter-Island Movements, and Association Patterns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whales-pseudorca-crassidens-around-main-hawaiian-islands-long-term-site/) - Despite their world-wide distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics, false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are one of the lesser-known large odontocetes. Genetic evidence indicates a demographically isolated population around the main Hawaiian Islands. We examine site fidelity, movements and association patterns in this population using data from directed surveys and opportunistic photographs from 1986 to - [Insights into the Underwater Diving, Feeding, and Calling Behavior of Blue Whales from a Suction-Cup-Attached Video-Imaging Tag (Crittercam)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-underwater-diving-feeding-and-calling-behavior-blue-whales-suction-cup/) - We examined the underwater behavior of blue whales using a suction-cup-attached video-imaging instrument (CRITTERCAM). We made 13 successful deployments (defined as tag duration of >15 min and successful recovery of the tag and data) totaling 19 hours of CRITTERCAMs on blue whales off California and in the Sea of Cortez from spring through fall (26 - [Foraging Behavior of Humpback Whales: Kinematic and Respiratory Patterns Suggest a High Cost for a Lunge](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foraging-behavior-humpback-whales-kinematic-and-respiratory-patterns-suggest-high-cost/) - Lunge feeding in rorqual whales is a drag-based feeding mechanism that is thought to entail a high energetic cost and consequently limit the maximum dive time of these extraordinarily large predators. Although the kinematics of lunge feeding in fin whales supports this hypothesis, it is unclear whether respiratory compensation occurs as a consequence of lunge-feeding - [Health Assessment, Antibiotic Treatment, and Behavioral Responses to Herding Efforts of a Cow-Calf Pair of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/health-assessment-antibiotic-treatment-and-behavioral-responses-herding-efforts-cow/) - A mother and female calf humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) pair were observed at an atypical location, 72 nmi inland in the Port of Sacramento, California, on 16 May 2007. Sequencing of mtDNA from a skin biopsy showed the cow to be an E1 haplotype, which is common in the California feeding population. Both animals had - [Geographic Variation in Killer Whale Attacks on Humpback Whales in the North Pacific: Implications for Predation Pressure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/geographic-variation-killer-whale-attacks-humpback-whales-north-pacific-implications/) - We examined the incidence of rake mark scars from killer whales Orcinus orca on the flukes of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae throughout the North Pacific to assess geographic ariation in predation pressure. We used 3650 identification photographs from 16 wintering or feeding areas collected during 1990 to 1993 to determine conservative estimates in the percentage - [Habitat Use of Pallid Bats in Coniferous Forests of Northern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/habitat-use-pallid-bats-coniferous-forests-northern-california/) - Limited information exists on the ecology and habitat requirements of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) inhabiting forested ecosystems at the northern limits of its range. We used mist netting, radiotelemetry, and emergence counts at roosts to identify foraging and roosting habitat of pallid bats on the Plumas National Forest in northern California during summer 2007. - [Population Structure of Island-Associated Dolphins: Evidence from Photo-Identification of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-structure-island-associated-dolphins-evidence-photo-identification-common/) - Management agencies often use geopolitical boundaries as proxies for biological boundaries. In Hawaiian waters a single stock is recognized of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, a species that is found both in open water and nearshore among the main Hawaiian Islands. To assess population structure, we photo-identified 336 distinctive individuals from the main Hawaiian Islands, - [Insights into the Population Structure of Blue Whales in the Eastern North Pacific from Recent Sightings and Photographic Identifications](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-population-structure-blue-whales-eastern-north-pacific-recent-sightings-and/) - Blue whales were widely distributed in the North Pacific prior to the primary period of modern commercial whaling in the early 1900s. Despite concentrations of blue whale catches off British Columbia and in the Gulf of Alaska, there had been few documented sightings in these areas since whaling for blue whales ended in 1965. In - [Sighting Characteristics and Photo-Identification of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Near San Clemente Island, California: A Key Area for Beaked Whales and the Military?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sighting-characteristics-and-photo-identification-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius/) - The relationship between beaked whales and certain anthropogenic sounds remains poorly understood and of great interest. Although Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are widely distributed, little is known of their behavior and population structure throughout much of their range. We conducted a series of five combined visual-acoustic marine mammal surveys from 2006 to 2008 in - [Could Beaked Whales Get the Bends? Effects of Diving Behaviour and Physiology on Modelled Gas Exchange for Three Species: Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon densirostris and Hyperoodon ampullatus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/could-beaked-whales-get-bends-effects-diving-behaviour-and-physiology-modelled-gas/) - A mathematical model, based on current knowledge of gas exchange and physiology of marine mammals, was used to predict blood and tissue tension N2 (PN2 ) using field data from three beaked whale species: northern bottlenose whales, Cuvier’s beaked whales, and Blainville’s beaked whales. The objective was to determine if physiology (body mass, diving lung - [Site Fidelity and Association Patterns of a Rare Species: Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/site-fidelity-and-association-patterns-rare-species-pygmy-killer-whales-feresa/) - Most of what we know about cetacean biology and ecology comes from studies of relatively common species. Despite their distribution throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) are rare throughout their range and are one of the most poorly-known species of odontocetes. During a 22-yr study of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) - [Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/rissos-dolphin-grampus-griseus/) - Risso’s dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) is the fifth largest member of the family Delphinidae, with adults of both sexes reaching up to about 4m in length (Fig. 1). The common name comes from the person (M. Risso) who described the type specimen to G. Cuvier in 1812. Risso’s dolphins are unusual looking for a - [False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whale-pseudorca-crassidens/) - The false killer whale is one of the larger members of the family Delphinidae, with adult males reaching lengths of almost 6 m and females reaching up to 5 m. The common name comes from similarity not in external appearance to the killer whale (Orcinus orca) but rather in skull morphology of these two species. - [Effects of Age, Sex and Reproductive Status on Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in "Southern Resident" Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/effects-age-sex-and-reproductive-status-persistent-organic-pollutant-concentrations/) - ‘‘Southern Resident” killer whales (Orcinus orca) that comprise three fish-eating ‘‘pods” (J, K and L) were listed as ‘‘endangered” in the US and Canada following a 20% population decline between 1996 and 2001. Blubber biopsy samples from Southern Resident juveniles had statistically higher concentrations of certain persistent organic pollutants than were found for adults. Most - [Evidence of a Possible Decline Since 1989 in False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evidence-possible-decline-1989-false-killer-whales-pseudorca-crassidens-around-main/) - Recent evidence indicates that there is a small, demographically isolated, island-associated population of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) around the main Hawaiian Islands. Although it is known that false killer whales in Hawai‘i are sometimes killed or seriously injured in the Hawai‘i-based longline fishery, it is not known whether such interactions have resulted in a - [Movements of Satellite-Tagged Blainville’s Beaked Whales off the Island of Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-satellite-tagged-blainvilles-beaked-whales-island-hawaii/) - Studies of movement patterns and habitat use in cetaceans are often constrained by factors such as ship time, logistics, and the ability to follow individuals over time. Obtaining this information on beaked whales is especially difficult, yet the information is critical to their management and conservation, particularly in light of their susceptibility to naval sonar. - [Diet of Pygmy Sperm Whales (Kogia breviceps) in the Hawaiian Archipelago](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diet-pygmy-sperm-whales-kogia-breviceps-hawaiian-archipelago/) - The biology and ecology of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) is poorly understood among odontocetes (McAlpine 2002). In Hawaiian waters, pygmy sperm whales are the second most frequently recorded stranded cetacean species, with 35 strandings documented between 1963 and 2008 (Shallenberger 1981, Nitta 1987, Maldini et al. 2005, NMFS database1). Despite the high frequency - [High Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants Measured in Blubber of Island-Associated False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/high-levels-persistent-organic-pollutants-measured-blubber-island-associated-false/) - Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been measured in tissues of marine mammals since the mid 1960s (Holden and Marsden, 1967; Wolman and Wilson, 1970). These compounds include several pesticides (e.g., DDTs, chlordanes) and industrial chemicals (e.g., PCBs) that are ubiquitous, highly lipophilic and not readily degraded or metabolized. As a result, they can biomagnify to - [Movements and Habitat Use of Satellite-Tagged False Killer Whales Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-and-habitat-use-satellite-tagged-false-killer-whales-around-main-hawaiian/) - There are 2 recognized stocks of false killer whales Pseudorca crassidens in the US Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding Hawai‘i, a small demographically isolated population around the main Hawaiian Islands and a larger offshore (‘pelagic’) population. Recent evidence suggests the insular population may have declined precipitously over the last 20 yr, and one possible contributing factor - [Species and Stock Identification of Prey Consumed by Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales in Their Summer Range](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/species-and-stock-identification-prey-consumed-endangered-southern-resident-killer/) - Recovery plans for endangered southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca have identified reduced prey availability as a risk to the population. In order to better assess this risk, we studied prey selection from 2004 to 2008 in 2 regions of the whales’ summer range: San Juan Islands, Washington and the western Strait of Juan de - [Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) or False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)? Identification of a Group of Small Cetaceans Seen off Ecuador in 2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pygmy-killer-whales-feresa-attenuata-or-false-killer-whales-pseudorca-crassidens/) - Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) are a very poorly known species (Donahue & Perryman, 2009; McSweeney et al., 2009), and single sightings or strandings still often warrant publication. Castro (2004) reported an encounter with a school of small cetaceans off Ecuador in 2003, identified by the author as pygmy killer whales, and described details on - [Association Between Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Mortality and Ship Strikes Along the California Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/association-between-blue-whale-balaenoptera-musculus-mortality-and-ship-strikes-along/) - Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) are distributed worldwide, and although severely depleted by commercial whaling, their abundance off the California coast now appears to be increasing. Little is known about natural causes of mortality of blue whales, but human-related mortality continues despite legal protection. Ship strikes are a significant mortality factor for other species of baleen - [Geographic Variation of Persistent Organic Pollutants Levels in Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Feeding Areas of the North Pacific and North Atlantic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/geographic-variation-persistent-organic-pollutants-levels-humpback-whale-megaptera/) - Seasonal feeding behavior and high fidelity to feeding areas allow humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to be used as biological indicators of regional contamination. Biopsy blubber samples from male individuals (n¼67) were collected through SPLASH, a multinational research project, in eight North Pacific feeding grounds. Additional male samples (n¼20) were collected from one North Atlantic feeding - [Does a Lack of Observed Beaked Whale Strandings in Military Exercise Areas Mean No Impacts Have Occurred? A Comparison of Stranding and Detection Probabilities in the Canary and Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/does-lack-observed-beaked-whale-strandings-military-exercise-areas-mean-no-impacts-have/) - Anthropogenic activities must be monitored to determine effects on marine mammal species, but the difficulty lies in how to measure impact. Mass strandings of beaked whales have occurred in association with naval exercises, with two species most affected, Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales. Six such events have occurred in the Canary - [Pathology and Epidemiology of Phocid Herpesvirus-1 in Wild and Rehabilitating Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in the Northeastern Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pathology-and-epidemiology-phocid-herpesvirus-1-infections-wild-and-rehab-harbor-seals/) - Phocid herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae) was isolated from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) in the Netherlands in 1985, and was subsequently identified in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) from California, USA in the 1990s. PhHV-1–associated pathology was first recognized in harbor seal carcasses submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada - [Population Structure of Island-Associated Dolphins: Evidence from Mitochondrial and Microsatellite Markers for Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-structure-island-associated-dolphins-evidence-mitochondrial-and/) - We used mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to investigate population structure of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, around the main Hawaiian Islands. Though broadly distributed throughout the world’s oceans, bottlenose dolphins are known to form small populations in coastal waters. Recent photo-identification data suggest the same is true in Hawaiian waters. We found genetic differentiation - [Passive Acoustic and Visual Monitoring of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Importance of Quantifying Call Type](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cummins_et_al_2011_jasa/) - Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) produce a variety of vocalizations such as social and feeding calls as well as patterned calls that comprise song. Typically, social and feeding vocalizations do not follow the highly structural format of song. High-frequency acoustic recording packages were deployed in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary July 2004 through June 2009 - [Population Structure of Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra) in the Hawaiian Archipelago: Evidence of Multiple Populations Based on Photo-Identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-structure-melon-headed-whales-peponocephala-electra-hawaiian-archipelago/) - Despite the presence of melon-headed whales in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, little is known about this species. To assess population structure in Hawai‘i, dedicated field efforts were undertaken from 2000 to 2009. Using only good quality photographs, there were 1,433 unique photo-identified individuals, of which 1,046 were distinctive. Of these, 31.5% were seen more than once. Resighting data combined - [Movements of Two Satellite-Tagged Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) off the Island of Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-two-satellite-tagged-pygmy-killer-whales-feresa-attenuata-island-hawaii/) - Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) are a rare tropical oceanic odontocete that are normally found close to shore only around oceanic islands (Donahue and Perryman 2009, McSweeney et al. 2009). In the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the Hawaiian Islands there is a single stock of pygmy killer whales recognized (Carretta et al. 2010). In - [Open-Ocean Movements of a Satellite-Tagged Blainville's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris): Evidence for an Offshore Population in Hawai‘i?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/open-ocean-movements-satellite-tagged-blainvilles-beaked-whale-mesoplodon-densirostris/) - In Hawaiian waters, a single stock of Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) is recognized, extending throughout the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the archipelago and into adjacent international waters (Carretta et al., 2011). Abundance within the entire EEZ around Hawai‘i was estimated at 2,872 individuals based on a large vessel sighting survey (Barlow, 2006), - [Humpback Whale Abundance in the North Pacific Estimated by Photographic Capture-Recapture with Bias Correction from Simulation Studies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-abundance-north-pacific-estimated-photographic-capture-recapture-bias/) - We estimated the abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific by capture-recapture methods using over 18,000 fluke identification photographs collected in 2004–2006. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,808 (CV=0.04).We estimated the biases in this value using a simulation model. Births and deaths, which violate the assumption of a closed population, resulted in a - [Convergent Evolution Driven by Similar Feeding Mechanics in Balaenopterid Whales and Pelicans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/convergent-evolution-driven-similar-feeding-mechanics-balaenopterid-whales-and-pelicans/) - The feeding apparatuses of rorqual whales and pelicans exhibit a number of similarities, including long, kinetic jaws that increase gape size, and extensible tissue comprising the floor of the mouth. These specializations enable the engulfment of large volumes of prey-laden water in both taxa. However, the mechanics of engulfment feeding in rorquals and pelicans have - [Inferred Paternity and Male Reproductive Success in a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/inferred-paternity-and-male-reproductive-success-killer-whale-orcinus-orca-population/) - We used data from 78 individuals at 26 microsatellite loci to infer parental and sibling relationships within a community of fish-eating (‘‘resident’’) eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca). Paternity analysis involving 15 mother/calf pairs and 8 potential fathers and whole-pedigree analysis of the entire sample produced consistent results. The variance in male reproductive success - [Mechanics, Hydrodynamics and Energetics of Blue Whale Lunge Feeding: Efficiency Dependence on Krill Density](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mechanics-hydrodynamics-and-energetics-blue-whale-lunge-feeding-efficiency-dependence/) - Lunge feeding by rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) is associated with a high energetic cost that decreases diving capacity, thereby limiting access to dense prey patches at depth. Despite this cost, rorquals exhibit high rates of lipid deposition and extremely large maximum body size. To address this paradox, we integrated kinematic data from digital tags with unsteady - [Scaling of Lunge-Feeding Performance in Rorqual Whales: Mass-Specific Energy Expenditure Increases with Body Size and Progressively Limits Diving Capacity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/scaling-lunge-feeding-performance-rorqual-whales-mass-specific-energy-expenditure/) - 1. Diving capacity generally increases with body size both within and among taxanomic groups because of the differential scaling between body oxygen stores and metabolic rate. 2. Despite being some of the largest animals of all time, rorqual whales exhibit very short dive times relative to other large divers because of the high energetic costs - [A Theory for the Hydrodynamic Origin of Whale Flukeprints](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/theory-hydrodynamics-whale-flukeprints/) - Whale flukeprints are an often observed, but poorly understood, phenomenon. Used by whale researchers to locate whales, flukeprints refer to a strikingly smooth oval-shaped water patch which forms behind a swimming or diving whale on the surface of the ocean and persists up to several minutes. In this paper we provide a description of hydrodynamic - [Sperm Whale Population Structure in the Eastern and Central North Pacific Inferred by the Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Microsatellites and Mitochondrial DNA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sperm-whale-population-structure-eastern-and-central-north-pacific-inferred-use-single/) - We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (400 bp), six microsatellites and 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 20 of which were linked, to investigate population structure of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the eastern and central North Pacific. SNP markers, reproducible across technologies and laboratories, are ideal for long-term studies of globally distributed species such as sperm whales, - [Distribution and Migratory Destinations of Humpback Whales off the Pacific Coast of Central America During the Boreal Winters of 1996–2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-migratory-destinations-humpback-whales-pacific-coast-central-america/) - Here, we examine the distribution, habitat use, and migratory destinations of North Pacific humpback whales wintering off Central America. Coastal boat surveys were conducted off Costa Rica and Panama between 1996 and 2003. In 1999, a broader survey was conducted along most of Central America. Over 23,000 km were surveyed, with the greatest effort off - [Swim Speed and Acceleration Measurements of Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/swim-speed-and-acceleration-measurements-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala/) - Over the last few years, studies of top predators in marine ecosystems have benefited from the use of biologging systems (Naito 2004; Rutz and Hays 2009). For example, researchers use these techniques to study animal foraging tactics and diving physiology by analyzing acceleration (body angle and stroke), and parameters such as swim depth and swim - [Exploring the Effects of Reductions in Krill Biomass in the Southern Ocean on Blue Whales Using a State-Dependent Foraging Model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/predicting-effects-climate-and-fishery-induced-reductions-krill-biomass-recovery-blue/) - Many species of baleen whales were hunted to near extinction in the Southern Hemisphere. The recovery of these populations will be affected by the availability of krill, a major dietary component, in the Southern Ocean. We combine a novel energetics model for baleen whales with a state dependent foraging model to explore the impacts of - [Underestimating the Damage: Interpreting Cetacean Carcass Recoveries in the Context of the Deepwater Horizon/BP Incident](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underestimating-damage-interpreting-cetacean-carcass-recoveries-context-deepwater/) - Evaluating impacts of human activities on marine ecosystems is difficult when effects occur out of plain sight. Oil spill severity is often measured by the number of marine birds and mammals killed, but only a small fraction of carcasses are recovered. The Deepwater Horizon/BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was the largest in - [Eddies as Offshore Foraging Grounds for Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/eddies-offshore-foraging-grounds-melon-headed-whales-peponocephala-electra/) - Movements of upper trophic level predators in an open ocean environment should be driven, in part, by the distribution, density, and movements of their prey. Surveys have shown that cetacean densities are higher closer to shore around the main Hawaiian Islands than in offshore waters (Barlow 2006), presumably reflecting increased productivity or spatial and temporal - [The Application of GIS and Spatiotemporal Analyses to Investigations of Unusual Marine Mammal Strandings and Mortality Events](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/application-gis-and-spatiotemporal-analyses-investigations-unusual-marine-mammal/) - In 2006-2007, an unusually high number of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the Washington and Oregon coastlines. Spatiotemporal analyses were used to examine their ability to detect clusters of porpoise strandings during an unusual mortality event (UME) in the Pacific Northwest using stranding location data. Strandings were evaluated as two separate populations, outer coast - [Polyparasitism is Associated with Increased Disease Severity in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Marine Sentinel Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/polyparasitism-associated-increased-disease-severity-toxoplasma-gondii-infected-marine/) - In 1995, one of the largest outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis occurred in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Genetic typing identified a novel Toxoplasma gondii strain linked to the outbreak, in which a wide spectrum of human disease was observed. For this globally-distributed, water-borne zoonosis, strain type is one variable influencing disease, but the - [Updated Analysis of Abundance and Population Structure of Seasonal Gray Whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1998-2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-analysis-abundance-and-population-structure-seasonal-gray-whales-pacific-0/) - The existence of a small number of Eastern North Pacific gray whales that spend the spring, summer and fall feeding in coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest has been known for some time and localized short-term studies have examined aspects of the natural history of these animals. We report the results of a 13-year (1998- - [Distinguishing the Impacts of Inadequate Prey and Vessel Traffic on an Endangered Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distinguishing-impacts-inadequate-prey-and-vessel-traffic-endangered-killer-whale/) - Managing endangered species often involves evaluating the relative impacts of multiple anthropogenic and ecological pressures. This challenge is particularly formidable for cetaceans, which spend the majority of their time underwater. Noninvasive physiological approaches can be especially informative in this regard. We used a combination of fecal thyroid (T3) and glucocorticoid (GC) hormone measures to assess - [Range and Primary Habitats of Hawaiian Insular False Killer Whales: Informing Determination of Critical Habitat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/range-and-primary-habitats-hawaiian-insular-false-killer-whales-informing-determination/) - For species listed under the US Endangered Species Act, federal agencies must designate ‘critical habitat’, areas containing features essential to conservation and/or that may require special management considerations. In November 2010, the National Marine Fisheries Service proposed listing a small demographically isolated population of false killer whales Pseudorca crassidens in Hawai‘i as endangered but has - [Underwater Acrobatics by the World’s Largest Predator: 360° Rolling Maneuvers by Lunge Feeding Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underwater-acrobatics-worlds-largest-predator-360-rolling-maneuvers-lunge-feeding/) - The extreme body size of blue whales requires a high energy intake and therefore demands efficient foraging strategies. As an obligate lunge feeder on aggregations of small zooplankton, blue whales engulf a large volume of prey-laden water in a single, rapid gulp. The efficiency of this feeding mechanism is strongly dependent on the amount of - [Coxiella burnetii Infection of Marine Mammals in the Pacific Northwest, 1997-2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/coxiella-burnetii-infection-marine-mammals-pacific-northwest-1997-2010/) - Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Humans are commonly exposed via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria derived from the waste products of domesticated sheep and goats, and particularly from products generated during parturition. However, many other species can be infected with C. burnetii, and the host range and full zoonotic - [Near-Real-Time Acoustic Monitoring of Beaked Whales and Other Cetaceans Using a Seaglider](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/near-real-time-acoustic-monitoring-beaked-whales-and-other-cetaceans-using-seaglider/) - In most areas, estimating the presence and distribution of cryptic marine mammal species, such as beaked whales, is extremely difficult using traditional observational techniques such as ship-based visual line transect surveys. Because acoustic methods permit detection of animals underwater, at night, and in poor weather conditions, passive acoustic observation has been used increasingly often over - [Acoustic and Diving Behavior of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) During Natural and Depredation Foraging in the Gulf of Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-diving-behavior-sperm-whales-physeter-macrocephalus-during-natural-and/) - Sperm whales have depredated black cod (Anoplopoma fimbria) from demersal longlines in the Gulf of Alaska for decades, but the behavior has recently spread in intensity and geographic coverage. Over a three-year period 11 bioacoustic tags were attached to adult sperm whales off Southeast Alaska during both natural and depredation foraging conditions. Measurements of the - [Metabolic Expenditures of Lunge Feeding Rorquals Across Scale: Implications for the Evolution of Filter Feeding and the Limits to Maximum Body Size](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/metabolic-expenditures-lunge-feeding-rorquals-across-scale-implications-evolution/) - Bulk-filter feeding is an energetically efficient strategy for resource acquisition and assimilation, and facilitates the maintenance of extreme body size as exemplified by baleen whales (Mysticeti) and multiple lineages of bony and cartilaginous fishes. Among mysticetes, rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) exhibit an intermittent ram filter feeding mode, lunge feeding, which requires the abandonment of body-streamlining in - [Mandible Allometry in Extant and Fossil Balaenopteridae: The Largest Vertebrate Skeletal Element and its Role in Rorqual Lunge-Feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mandible-allometry-extant-and-fossil-balaenopteridae-largest-vertebrate-skeletal/) - Rorqual whales (crown Balaenopteridae) are unique among aquatic vertebrates in their ability to lunge feed. During a single lunge, rorquals rapidly engulf a large volume of prey-laden water at high speed, which they then filter to capture suspended prey. Engulfment biomechanics are mostly governed by the coordinated opening and closing of the mandibles at large - [Discovery of a Sensory Organ that Coordinates Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/discovery-sensory-organ-coordinates-lunge-feeding-rorqual-whales/) - Top ocean predators have evolved multiple solutions to the challenges of feeding in the water. At the largest scale, rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) engulf and filter prey-laden water by lunge feeding, a strategy that is unique among vertebrates. Lunge feeding is facilitated by several morphological specializations, including bilaterally separate jaws that loosely articulate with the skull, - [Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni) Sightings in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/brydes-whale-balaenoptera-brydeiedeni-sightings-southern-california-bight/) - Given the paucity of confirmed sightings over the last 20 y, and its traditional, more tropical or low-latitude distribution, the Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni)1 has been excluded from recent National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) stock assessment reports of cetaceans occurring in the Southern California Bight (SCB) (Carretta et al., 2011). The last U.S. Pacific marine - [Marine Mammal Behavioral Response Studies in Southern California: Advances in Technology and Experimental Methods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-behavioral-response-studies-southern-california-advances-technology-and/) - Behavioral response studies (BRS) are increasingly being conducted to better understand basic behavioral patterns in marine animals and how underwater sounds, including from human sources, can affect them. These studies are being enabled and enhanced by advances in both acoustic sensing and transmission technologies. In the design of a 5-year project in southern California (“SOCAL-BRS”), - [Linking Predators to Seasonality of Upwelling: Using Food Web Indicators and Path Analysis to Infer Trophic Connections](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/linking-predators-seasonality-upwelling-using-food-web-indicators-and-path-analysis/) - Upwelling in eastern boundary current systems is a primary driver of ecosystem productivity. Typically, peak upwelling occurs during spring and summer, but winter upwelling may also be important to ecosystem functions. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that winter and spring/summer upwelling, operating through indirect trophic interactions, are important to a suite of top - [Movements of Gray Whales Between the Western and Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-gray-whales-between-western-and-eastern-north-pacific/) - The western North Pacific (WNP) population of gray whales Eschrichtius robustus is redlisted by the IUCN as Critically Endangered. As part of a long-term study on whales off Sakhalin Island, Russia, photo-catalog comparisons of gray whales in the western and eastern North Pacific (ENP) were undertaken to assess population mixing. These comparisons involved 2 approaches: - [Evidence of an Island-Associated Population of False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evidence-island-associated-population-false-killer-whales-pseudorca-crassidens/) - Two populations of false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, are recognized from Hawaiian waters: the Hawaiian insular population, an island-associated population found around the main Hawaiian Islands; and the Hawai‘i pelagic population, found in offshore waters. This species has not been previously documented near the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. During a 2010 large-vessel survey throughout the Exclusive - [Odontocete Cetaceans Around the Main Hawaiian Islands: Habitat Use and Relative Abundance from Small-Boat Sighting Surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/odontocete-cetaceans-around-main-hawaiian-islands-habitat-use-and-relative-abundance/) - Knowledge of the distribution and relative abundance of odontocete cetaceans is important for helping to understand and potentially mitigate impacts of anthropogenic activities. We present small-boat survey and sighting data from 13 y (2000 through 2012) of field studies around the main Hawaiian Islands. We surveyed 84,758 km of trackline, with effort ranging from 3 - [Strong Maternal Fidelity and Natal Philopatry Shape Genetic Structure in North Pacific Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/strong-maternal-fidelity-and-natal-philopatry-shape-genetic-structure-north-pacific/) - We quantified the relative influence of maternal fidelity to feeding grounds and natal fidelity to breeding grounds on the population structure of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae based on an ocean-wide survey of mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity in the North Pacific. For 2193 biopsy samples collected from whales in 10 feeding regions and 8 breeding regions - [First Direct Measurements of Behavioural Responses by Cuvier's Beaked Whales to Mid-Frequency Active Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/first-direct-measurements-behavioural-responses-cuviers-beaked-whales-mid-frequency/) - Most marine mammal­ strandings coincident with naval sonar exercises have involved Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). We recorded animal movement and acoustic data on two tagged Ziphius and obtained the first direct measurements of behavioural responses of this species to mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar signals. Each recording included a 30-min playback (one 1.6-s simulated MFA - [Trackline and Point Detection Probabilities for Acoustic Surveys of Cuvier's and Blainville's Beaked Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trackline-and-point-detection-probabilities-acoustic-surveys-cuviers-and-blainvilles/) - Acoustic survey methods can be used to estimate density and abundance using sounds produced by cetaceans and detected using hydrophones if the probability of detection can be estimated. For passive acoustic surveys, probability of detection at zero horizontal distance from a sensor, commonly called g(0), depends on the temporal patterns of vocalizations. Methods to estimate - [Cetacean Distribution and Abundance in Relation to Oceanographic Domains on the Eastern Bering Sea Shelf in June and July of 2002, 2008, and 2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cetacean-distribution-and-abundance-relation-oceanographic-domains-eastern-bering-sea/) - As part of the Bering Sea Project, cetacean surveys were conducted to describe distribution and estimate abundance on the eastern Bering Sea shelf. Three marine mammal observers conducted visual surveys along transect lines sampled during the Alaska Fisheries Science Center walleye pollock assessment survey in June and July of 2008 and 2010. Distribution and abundance - [Integrative Approaches to the Study of Baleen Whale Diving Behavior, Feeding Performance, and Foraging Ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/integrative-approaches-study-baleen-whale-diving-behavior-feeding-performance-and/) - For many marine organisms, especially large whales that cannot be studied in laboratory settings, our ability to obtain basic behavioral and physiological data is limited, because these organisms occupy offshore habitats and spend a majority of their time underwater. A class of multisensor, suction-cup-attached archival tags has revolutionized the study of large baleen whales, particularly - [Blue Whales Respond to Simulated Mid-Frequency Military Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whales-respond-simulated-mid-frequency-military-sonar/) - Mid-frequency military (1–10 kHz) sonars have been associated with lethal mass strandings of deep-diving toothed whales, but the effects on endangered baleen whale species are virtually unknown. Here, we used controlled exposure experiments with simulated military sonar and other mid-frequency sounds to measure behavioural responses of tagged blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in feeding areas within - [Causes and Patterns of Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) Mortality at Smith Island, Washington, 2004-2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/causes-and-patterns-harbor-seal-phoca-vitulina-mortality-smith-island-washington-2004/) - Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) are the most common and widely distributed pinniped in Washington State coastal waters. Serving as sentinels of marine ecosystem health, stranded animals are useful in detecting environmental disease and contaminant levels. From 2004 to 2010, we examined mortality rates and causes of death of Harbor Seal pups at Smith Island, a - [Local and Migratory Movements of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Satellite-Tracked in the North Atlantic Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/local-and-migratory-movements-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-satellite-tracked/) - North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)) migrate from high-latitude summer feeding grounds to low-latitude winter breeding grounds along the Antillean Island chain. In the winters and springs of 2008 through 2012, satellite tags were deployed on humpback whales on Silver Bank (Dominican Republic) and in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) breeding areas. Whales were - [Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales in Marine Spatial Planning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessing-risk-ships-striking-large-whales-marine-spatial-planning/) - Marine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for managing multiple uses of the marine environment and has the potential to minimize environmental impacts and reduce conflicts among users. Spatially explicit assessments of the risks to key marine species from human activities are a requirement of marine spatial planning. We assessed the risk of ships striking - [Declining Concentrations of Persistent PCBs, PBDEs, PCDEs, and PCNs in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/declining-concentrations-persistent-pcbs-pbdes-pcdes-and-pcns-harbor-seals-phoca-0/) - As high trophic level, non-migratory marine mammals, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) inhabiting the Strait of Georgia, Juan de Fuca Strait and Puget Sound (collectively referred to as the Salish Sea) in northwestern North America provide an integrated measure of coastal food web contamination. We measured congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs) - [Reproductive Parameters of North Pacific Blue Whales Balaenoptera musculus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/reproductive-parameters-north-pacific-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus/) - Knowledge of reproduction in baleen whales such as the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus is still limited. Here, we combined the sighting histories of 24 yr of reproductively active female blue whales from the United States (US) west coast and the Gulf of California (GoC), Mexico. The latter region is a nursing ground for some of - [Passive Acoustic Monitoring Using a Towed Hydrophone Array Results in Identification of a Previously Unknown Beaked Whale Habitat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/passive-acoustic-monitoring-using-towed-hydrophone-array-results-identification/) - Beaked whales are diverse and species rich taxa. They spend the vast majority of their time submerged, regularly diving to depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, typically occur in small groups, and behave inconspicuously at the surface. These factors make them extremely difficult to detect using standard visual survey methods. However, recent advancements in - [Novel Muscle and Connective Tissue Design Enables Hyper-Extensibility and Controls Engulfment Volume in Lunge-Feeding Rorqual Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/novel-muscle-and-connective-tissue-design-enables-hyper-extensibility-and-controls/) - Muscle serves a wide variety of mechanical functions during animal feeding and locomotion, but the performance of this tissue is limited by how far it can be extended. In rorqual whales, feeding and locomotion are integrated in a dynamic process called lunge feeding, where an enormous volume of prey-laden water is engulfed into a capacious - [Cytochrome P4501A1 Expression in Blubber Biopsies of Endangered False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and Nine Other Odontocete Species from Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cytochrome-p4501a1-expression-blubber-biopsies-endangered-false-killer-whales-pseudorca/) - Odontocetes (toothed whales) are considered sentinel species in the marine environment because of their high trophic position, long life spans, and blubber that accumulates lipophilic contaminants. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is a biomarker of exposure and molecular effects of certain persistent organic pollutants. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize CYP1A1 expression in blubber biopsies collected by non-lethal - [Repeated Call Types in Hawaiian Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/repeated-call-types-hawaiian-melon-headed-whales-peponocephala-electra/) - Melon-headed whales are pantropical odontocetes that are often found near oceanic islands. While considered sound-sensitive, their bioacoustic characteristics are relatively poorly studied. The goal of this study was to characterize the vocal repertoire of melon-headed whales to determine whether they produce repeated calls that could assist in recognition of conspecifics. The first tag-based acoustic recordings - [Delphinid Behavioral Responses to Incidental Mid-Frequency Active Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/delphinid-behavioral-responses-incidental-mid-frequency-active-sonar/) - Opportunistic observations of behavioral responses by delphinids to incidental mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar were recorded in the Southern California Bight from 2004 through 2008 using visual focal follows, static hydrophones, and autonomous recorders. Sound pressure levels were calculated between 2 and 8 kHz. Surface behavioral responses were observed in 26 groups from at least three - [Individual Variation in Movements of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Satellite-Tracked in the Eastern Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea During Summer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/individual-variation-movements-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-satellite-tracked/) - Humpback whales utilize waters off the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea as foraging grounds during summer months. Currently, the fine-scale movements of humpback whales within these feeding grounds are poorly understood. In the summers of 2007 to 2011, 8 humpback whales were tracked with satellite tags deployed near Unalaska Bay. Individuals were tracked for an - [Assessment of Genetic Structure Among Eastern North Pacific Gray Whales on Their Feeding Grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessment-genetic-structure-among-eastern-north-pacific-gray-whales-their-feeding/) - Although most eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales feed in the Bering, Beaufort, and Chukchi Seas during summer and fall, a small number of individuals, referred to as the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG), show intra- and interseasonal fidelity to feeding areas from northern California through southeastern Alaska. We used both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and - [Nuclear and Mitochondrial Patterns of Population Structure in North Pacific False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nuclear-and-mitochondrial-patterns-population-structure-north-pacific-false-killer/) - False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are large delphinids typically found in deep water far offshore. However, in the Hawaiian Archipelago, there are 2 resident island-associated populations of false killer whales, one in the waters around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and one in the waters around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). We use mitochondrial DNA - [Rebuttal to the Formal Comment on Schorr et al. 2014 submitted by Tyack et al. 2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/rebuttal-to-the-formal-comment-on-schorr-et-al-2014-submitted-by-tyack-et-al-2015/) - [First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/first-long-term-behavioral-records-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-reveal/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are known as extreme divers, though behavioral data from this difficult-to-study species have been limited. They are also the species most often stranded in association with Mid-Frequency Active (MFA) sonar use, a relationship that remains poorly understood. We used satellite-linked tags to record the diving behavior and locations of eight - [Acoustic and Foraging Behavior of a Baird's Beaked Whale, Berardius bairdii, Exposed to Simulated Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-foraging-behavior-bairds-beaked-whale-berardiusbairdii-exposed-simulated/) - Beaked whales are hypothesized to be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic noise, based on previous strandings and limited experimental and observational data. However, few species have been studied in detail. We describe the underwater behavior of a Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) from the first deployment of a multi-sensor acoustic tag on this species. The animal - [Depredating Sperm Whales in the Gulf of Alaska: Local Habitat Use and Long Distance Movements Across Putative Population Boundaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/depredating-sperm-whales-gulf-alaska-local-habitat-use-and-long-distance-movements/) - Satellite tags were attached to 10 sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus (1 whale was tagged in 2 different years) to determine the movements of sperm whales involved in removal of sablefish from longline fishing gear in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Tags transmitted from 3 to 34 d (median = 22) in 2007 and 7 to - [Seasonal Distribution and Abundance of Cetaceans off Southern California Estimated from CalCOFI Cruise Data from 2004 to 2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/seasonal-distribution-and-abundance-cetaceans-southern-california-estimated-calcofi/) - Documenting year-round diversity and distribution of marine mammals off Southern California is important for assessment of effects of potentially harmful anthropogenic activities. Although the waters off Southern California have been surveyed extensively for marine mammals over the past 18 years, such surveys have been periodic and were conducted primarily from summer to fall, thereby missing - [Seasonal Blubber Testosterone Concentrations of Male Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/seasonal-blubber-testosterone-male-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae/) - [geneGIS: Geoanalytical Tools and Arc Marine Customization for Individual-Based Genetic Records](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/genegis-geoanalytical-tools-and-arc-marine-customization-individual-based-genetic/) - To improve understanding of population structure, ecosystem relationships and predictive models of human impact in cetaceans and other marine megafauna, we developed geneGIS, a suite of GIS tools and a customized Arc Marine data model to facilitate visual exploration and spatial analyses of individual-based records from DNA profiles and photo-identification records. We used the open - [Multiple Populations of Pantropical Spotted Dolphins in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/multiple-populations-pantropical-spotted-dolphins-hawaiian-waters/) - Understanding gene flow and dispersal patterns is important for predicting effects of natural events and anthropogenic activities on animal populations. In Hawaii, most species of odontocetes are managed as single populations. Recent exceptions include false killer whales, spinner dolphins, and common bottlenose dolphins, for which studies have shown fidelity to individual islands or groups of - [Are Marine Protected Areas and Conservation Priority Areas Representative of Humpback Whale Breeding Habitats in the Western South Atlantic?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/are-marine-protected-areas-and-conservation-priority-areas-representative-humpback/) - The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) is an important component of conservation strategies for large marine vertebrates. Thus, quantitative evaluations are necessary to assess whether their habitats are protected by these areas. In this study, the representativeness of government-established MPAs and identified priority areas for conservation (PACs) relative to the Brazilian wintering habitat of - [Inter-Annual and Seasonal Trends in Cetacean Distribution and Abundance off Southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/inter-annual-and-seasonal-trends-cetacean-distribution-and-abundance-southern/) - Trends in cetacean density and distribution off southern California were assessed through visual line-transect surveys during thirty-seven California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) cruises from July 2004 – November 2013. From sightings of the six most commonly encountered cetacean species, seasonal, annual and overall density estimates were calculated. Bluewhales (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) - [False Killer Whales and Fisheries Interactions in Hawaiian Waters: Evidence for Sex Bias and Variation Among Populations and Social Groups](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whales-and-fisheries-interactions-hawaiian-waters-evidence-sex-bias-and/) - We assessed scarring patterns as evidence of fisheries interactions for three populations of false killer whales in Hawai‘i. Bycatch of the pelagic population in the tuna longline fishery exceeds their Potential Biological Removal level. Scarring was assessed by seven evaluators as consistent, possibly consistent, or not consistent with fisheries interactions, and average scores computed. Scores - [Age, Region, and Temporal Patterns of Trace Elements in Stranded Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from Washington Inland Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/age-region-and-temporal-patterns-trace-elements-stranded-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina/) - We measured concentrations of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) in liver from Harbor Seals (n 5 31) stranded dead in the inland waters of Washington State between 2004 and 2007. Results were compared by age class - [Feeding Performance of Sympatric Blue and Fin Whales Exploiting a Common Prey Resource](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/feeding-performance-sympatric-blue-and-fin-whales-exploiting-common-prey-resource/) - [Using Accelerometers to Determine the Calling Behavior of Tagged Baleen Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/using-accelerometers-determine-calling-behavior-tagged-baleen-whales/) - Low-frequency acoustic signals generated by baleen whales can propagate over vast distances, making the assignment of calls to specific individuals problematic. Here, we report the novel use of acoustic recording tags equipped with high-resolution accelerometers to detect vibrations from the surface of two tagged fin whales that directly match the timing of recorded acoustic signals. - [Formal Comment on Schorr, G.S., E.A. Falcone, D.J. Moretti, and R.D. Andrews. 2014. First Long-Term Behavioral Records from Cuvier’s Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Reveal Record-Breaking Dives](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/first-long-term-behavioral-records-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-reveal-2/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are known as extreme divers, though behavioral data from this difficult-to-study species have been limited. They are also the species most often stranded in association with Mid-Frequency Active (MFA) sonar use, a relationship that remains poorly understood. We used satellite-linked tags to record the diving behavior and locations of eight Ziphius off - [Oceanic Giants Dance to Atmospheric Rhythms: Ephemeral Wind-Driven Resource Tracking by Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ryan_etal_2022/) - Trophic transfer of energy through marine food webs is strongly influenced by prey aggregation and its exploitation by predators. Rapid aggregation of some marine fish and crustacean forage species during wind-driven coastal upwelling has recently been discovered, motivating the hypothesis that predators of these forage species track the upwelling circulation in which prey aggregation occurs. - [Prey Density and Distribution Drive the Three-Dimensional Foraging Strategies of the Largest Filter Feeder](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/prey-density-and-distribution-drive-three-dimensional-foraging-strategies-largest/) - Despite their importance in determining the rate of both energy gain and expenditure, how the fine-scale kinematics of foraging are modified in response to changes in prey abundance and distribution remain poorly understood in many animal ecosystems. In the marine environment, bulk-filter feeders rely on dense aggregations of prey for energetically efficient foraging. Rorqual whales - [Long-Term Individual Sighting History Database: An Effective Tool to Monitor Satellite Tag Effects on Cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/long-term-individual-sighting-history-database-effective-tool-monitor-satellite-tag/) - During the last 3 decades, tagging technology has been used to study different aspects of cetacean ecology. Tags implanted in animal’s blubber, muscle and surrounding tissue have produced successful results, providing information on long-term movements. However, apart from the reports of ‘divots’ (depressions) and swelling at the tag sites in re-sighted large whales, little has - [Dedicated Beach Surveys Along the Central Washington Coast Reveal a High Proportion of Unreported Marine Mammal Strandings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dedicated-beach-surveys-along-central-washington-coast-reveal-high-proportion/) - Beach surveys were conducted along the Washington State outer coast to determine how often stranded marine mammals go unreported. (####) - [Biologically Important Areas for Selected Cetaceans Within U.S. Waters – West Coast Region](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biologically-important-areas-selected-cetaceans-within-us-waters-west-coast-region/) - In this review, we combine existing published and unpublished information along with expert judgment to identify and support the delineation of 28 Biologically Important Areas (BIAs) in U.S. waters along the West Coast for blue whales, gray whales, humpback whales, and harbor porpoises. BIAs for blue whales and humpback whales are based on high concentration - [Simultaneous Tracking of Blue Whales and Large Ships Demonstrates Limited Behavioral Responses for Avoiding Collision](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/simultaneous-tracking-blue-whales-and-large-ships-demonstrates-limited-behavioral-responses/) - Collisions between ships and whales are reported throughout the world’s oceans. For some endangered whale populations, ship strikes are a major threat to survival and recovery. Factors known to affect the incidence and severity of collisions include spatial co-occurrence of ships and whales, hydrodynamic forces around ships, and ship speed. Less understood and likely key - [Changes in the Occurrence and Behavior of Mammal-eating Killer Whales in Southern British Columbia and Washington State, 1987–2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/changes-occurrence-and-behavior-mammal-eating-killer-whales-southern-british-columbia/) - The primary prey species of mammal-eating killer whales in the Salish Sea, the inland waters of southern British Columbia and Washington state, have experienced dramatic increases in population abundances in the last 25 years. It is possible that changes in prey abundance over time have resulted in changes in predator spatial use, occurrence and group - [Increased Harbor Porpoise Mortality in the Pacific Northwest, USA: Understanding when Higher Levels May Be Normal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/increased-harbor-porpoise-mortality-pacific-northwest-usa-understanding-when-higher/) - In 2006, a marked increase in harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena strandings were reported in the Pacific Northwest of the USA, resulting in the declaration of an unusual mortality event (UME) for Washington and Oregon to facilitate investigation into potential causes. The UME was in place during all of 2006 and 2007, and a total of - [Cues, Creaks, and Decoys: Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring as a Tool for Studying Sperm Whale Depredation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cues-creaks-and-decoys-using-passive-acoustic-monitoring-tool-studying-sperm-whale/) - Since 2003, a collaborative effort (SEASWAP) between fishers, scientists, and managers has researched how Alaskan sperm whales locate demersal longline fishing activity and then depredate sablefish from gear. Sperm whales constantly produce relatively low-frequency biosonar signals whenever foraging; therefore, over the past decade, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has become a basic tool, used for both - [Recovery Rates of Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Carcasses Estimated from Stranding and Survival Rate Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/recovery-rates-bottlenose-dolphin-tursiops-truncatus-carcasses-estimated-stranding-and/) - Recovery of cetacean carcasses provides data on levels of human-caused mortality, but represents only a minimum count of impacts. Counts of stranded carcasses are negatively biased by actors that include at-sea scavenging, sinking, drift away from land, stranding in locations where detection is unlikely, and natural removal from beaches due to wave and tidal action prior to detection. We - [Sound Production and Associated Behavior of Tagged Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sound-production-and-associated-behavior-tagged-fin-whales-balaenoptera-physalus/) - Background: For marine animals, acoustic communication is critical for many life functions, yet individual calling behavior is poorly understood for most large whale species. These topics are important for understanding whale social behavior and can also serve as a baseline for behavioral studies assessing whale response to disturbance. Using a new technique for identifying the calling individual, we - [Humpback Whale Diets Respond to Variance in Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Conditions in the California Current](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-diets-respond-variance-ocean-climate-and-ecosystem-conditions-california/) - Large, migratory predators are often cited as sentinel species for ecosystem processes and climate-related changes, but their utility as indicators is dependent upon an understanding of their response to environmental variability. Documentation of the links between climate variability, ecosystem change and predator dynamics is absent for most top predators. Identifying species that may be useful indicators and elucidating - [Characterizing a Foraging Hotspot for Short-Finned Pilot Whales and Blainville’s Beaked Whales Located off the West Side of Hawai‘i Island by Using Tagging and Oceanographic Data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/characterizing-foraging-hotspot-short-finned-pilot-whales-and-blainvilles-beaked/) - Satellite tagging data for short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) were used to identify core insular foraging regions off the Kona (west) Coast of Hawai‘i Island. Ship-based active acoustic surveys and oceanographic model output were used in generalized additive models (GAMs) and mixed models to characterize the oceanography of these regions and to examine - [Biologically Important Areas for Cetaceans Within U.S. Waters – Hawai‘i Region](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biologically-important-areas-cetaceans-within-us-waters-hawaii-region/) - Of the 18 species of odontocetes known to be present in Hawaiian waters, small resident populations of 11 species—dwarf sperm whales, Blainville’s beaked whales, Cuvier’s beaked whales, pygmy killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, melon-headed whales, false killer whales, pantropical spotted dolphins, spinner dolphins, rough-toothed dolphins, and common bottlenose dolphins—have been identified, based on two or - [False Killer Whale and Short-Finned Pilot Whale Acoustic Identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whale-and-short-finned-pilot-whale-acoustic-identification/) - False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens and short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus are known to interact with long-line fishing gear in Hawaiian waters, causing economic loss and leading to whale injuries and deaths. The main Hawaiian Islands’ insular population of false killer whales is listed as endangered and the offshore population is considered ‘strategic’ under the Marine Mammal Protection Act - [High Site Fidelity, Strong Associations, and Long-Term Bonds: Short-Finned Pilot Whales off the Island of Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/high-site-fidelity-strong-associations-and-long-term-bonds-short-finned-pilot-whales/) - Studies of short-finned pilot whales suggest they travel in stable mixed-sex groups composed of strongly associated individuals; however, temporal analyses of social structure are lacking. To examine site fidelity, association patterns, and temporal relationships, we analyzed data from 267 encounters of this species off the island of Hawai‘i from 2003 through 2007, identifying 448 distinctive individuals (68.1% seen more than - [A Novel Sarcocystis neurona Genotype XIII is Associated with Severe Encephalitis in an Unexpectedly Broad Range of Marine Mammals from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/novel-sarcocystis-neurona-genotype-xiii-associated-severe-encephalitis-unexpectedly/) - Sarcocystis neurona is an important cause of protozoal encephalitis among marine mammals in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. To characterize the genetic type of S. neurona in this region, samples from 227 stranded marine mammals, most with clinical or pathological evidence of protozoal disease, were tested for the presence of coccidian parasites using a nested PCR assay. The frequency - [The Developmental Biogeography of Hawksbill Sea Turtles in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/developmental-biogeography-hawksbill-sea-turtles-north-pacific/) - High seas oceanic ecosystems are considered important habitat for juvenile sea turtles, yet much remains cryptic about this important life-history period. Recent progress on climate and fishery impacts in these so-called lost years is promising, but the developmental biogeography of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) has not been widely described in the Pacific Ocean. This - [Redrawing the Map: mtDNA Provides New Insight into the Distribution and Diversity of Short‐Finned Pilot Whales in the Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/redrawing-map-mtdna-provides-new-insight-distribution-and-diversity-short‐finned-pilot/) - Correlations between morphological and genetic data provide evidence to delineate species or evolutionarily significant units, which then become the units to conserve in management plans. Here, we examine the distribution and genetic differentiation of two morphotypes of short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in the Pacific Ocean. Mitochondrial control region sequences from 333 samples were combined - [Successful Suction-Cup Tagging of a Small Delphinid Species, Stenella attenuata: Insights into Whistle Characteristics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/successful-suction-cup-tagging-small-delphinid-species-stenella-attenuata-insights/) - [Movement and Occurrence Patterns of Short-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in the Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-and-occurrence-patterns-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus/) - [Discrimination of Fast Click-Series Produced by Tagged Risso’s Dolphins (Grampus griseus) for Echolocation or Communication](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/discrimination-fast-click-series-produced-tagged-rissos-dolphins-grampus-griseus/) - Early studies that categorized odontocete pulsed sounds had few means of discriminating signals used for biosonar-based foraging from those used for communication. This capability to identify the function of sounds is important for understanding and interpreting behavior; it is also essential for monitoring and mitigating potential disturbance from human activities. Archival tags were placed on - [Prey-Mediated Behavioral Responses of Feeding Blue Whales in Controlled Sound Exposure Experiments](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/prey-mediated-behavioral-responses-feeding-blue-whales-controlled-sound-exposure/) - Behavioral response studies provide significant insights into the nature, magnitude, and consequences of changes in animal behavior in response to some external stimulus. Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) to study behavioral response have faced challenges in quantifying the importance of and interaction among individual variability, exposure conditions, and environmental covariates. To investigate these complex parameters relative - [Development of an Automated Method of Detecting Stereotyped Feeding Events in Multisensor Data from Tagged Rorqual Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/development-automated-method-detecting-stereotyped-feeding-events-multisensor-data/) - The introduction of animal-borne, multisensor tags has opened up many opportunities for ecological research, making previously inaccessible species and behaviors observable. The advancement of tag technology and the increasingly widespread use of bio-logging tags are leading to large volumes of sometimes extremely detailed data. With the increasing quantity and duration of tag deployments, a set - [Is It All About the Haul? Pelagic False Killer Whale Interactions with Longline Fisheries in the Central North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/anderson_etal_2020/) - Pelagic false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are killed or seriously injured in the Hawai‘i-based deep-set longline fishery more than any other cetacean, with bycatch regularly exceeding allowable levels. Telemetry data from five satellite-tagged whales (from three groups) and longline logbook entries (4182 sets) from the Hawai‘i-based longline fisheries are used to assess the range of the - [Prey-Related Asphyxiation in Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Along the U.S. West Coast: Importance of American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) on Adult Female Harbor Porpoise Mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/elliser_etal_2020/) - Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) diets are predominantly comprised of small fish species (<30 cm) and squid. However, predation on larger species (up to 63 cm) occurs, raising the question of increased risk of asphyxiation associated with this behavior. Literature was reviewed and stranding data from 1983 to 2020 from the U.S. West Coast (including California, - [Blubber Endocrine Profiles Provide Insights into Reproductive Biology in Blue Whales from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melica_etal_2021/) - The goal of the present study was to complement existing data of testosterone and progesterone in blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) blubber from the eastern North Pacific Ocean to evaluate effects of seasonality and location on these hormones and to better assess reproductive status of individuals. Physiological parameters regarding reproduction are fundamental for describing population dynamics, and hormones - [Heavy with Child? Pregnancy Status and Stable Isotope Ratios as Determined from Biopsies of Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/heavy-child-pregnancy-status-and-stable-isotope-ratios-determined-biopsies-humpback/) - Understanding reproductive rates of wild animal populations is crucially important for management and conservation. Assessing pregnancy status of free-ranging cetaceans has historically been difficult; however, recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed the diagnosis of pregnancy from small samples of blubber tissue. The primary objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to test the - [Hydrodynamic Properties of Fin Whale Flippers Predict Maximum Rolling Performance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hydrodynamic-properties-fin-whale-flippers-predict-maximum-rolling-performance/) - Maneuverability is one of the most important and least understood aspects of animal locomotion. The hydrofoil-like flippers of cetaceans are thought to function as control surfaces that effect maneuvers, but quantitative tests of this hypothesis have been lacking. Here we construct a simple hydrodynamic model to predict the longitudinal-axis roll performance of fin whales, and - [Testing Tag Attachments to Increase the Attachment Duration of Archival Tags on Baleen Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/testing-tag-attachments-increase-attachment-duration-archival-tags-baleen-whales/) - Background: As biologging technology has advanced to study whale behavior, various tag attachment methods have been developed. Suction cup attachments were developed for short-term ( - [Staying Close to Home? Genetic Differentiation of Rough-Toothed Dolphins Near Oceanic Islands in the Central Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/staying-close-home-genetic-differentiation-rough-toothed-dolphins-near-oceanic-islands/) - Rough-toothed dolphins have a worldwide tropical and subtropical distribution, yet little is known about the population structure and social organization of this typically open-ocean species. Although it has been assumed that pelagic dolphins range widely due to the lack of apparent barriers and unpredictable prey distribution, recent evidence suggests rough-toothed dolphins exhibit fidelity to some - [Nurturant Behavior Toward Dead Conspecifics in Free-Ranging Mammals: New Records for Odontocetes and a General Review](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nurturant-behavior-toward-dead-conspecifics-free-ranging-mammals-new-records/) - Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics has been documented in several free-ranging marine and terrestrial mammals but still remains undocumented and poorly understood for most species. This study describes observations of adults carrying dead calves and juveniles in 7 odontocetes (toothed cetaceans) species and discusses the subject in mammals in general. Observations are based on 14 - [Kinematic Diversity in Rorqual Whale Feeding Mechanisms](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kinematic-diversity-rorqual-whale-feeding-mechanisms/) - Rorqual whales exhibit an extreme lunge filter-feeding strategy characterized by acceleration to high speed and engulfment of a large volume of prey-laden water [ 1–4 ]. Although tagging studies have quantified the kinematics of lunge feeding, the timing of engulfment relative to body acceleration has been modeled conflictingly because it could never be directly measured - [Estimation of a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population's Diet Using Sequencing Analysis of DNA from Feces](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/estimation-killer-whale-orcinus-orca-populations-diet-using-sequencing-analysis-dna/) - Estimating diet composition is important for understanding interactions between predators and prey and thus illuminating ecosystem function. The diet of many species, however, is difficult to observe directly. Genetic analysis of fecal material collected in the field is therefore a useful tool for gaining insight into wild animal diets. In this study, we used highthroughput - [Whistle Characteristics and Daytime Dive Behavior in Pantropical Spotted Dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in Hawai‘i Measured Using Digitial Acoustic Recording Tags (DTAGs)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whistle-characteristics-and-daytime-dive-behavior-pantropical-spotted-dolphins-stenella/) - This study characterizes daytime acoustic and dive behavior of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in Hawai'i using 14.58 h of data collected from five deployments of digital acoustic recording tags (DTAG3) in 2013. For each tagged animal, the number of whistles, foraging buzzes, dive profiles, and dive statistics were calculated. Start, end, minimum, and maximum frequencies, number of inflection - [How Baleen Whales Feed: The Biomechanics of Engulfment and Filtration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/how-baleen-whales-feed-biomechanics-engulfment-and-filtration/) - Baleen whales are gigantic obligate filter feeders that exploit aggregations of small-bodied prey in littoral, epipelagic, and mesopelagic ecosystems. At the extreme of maximum body size observed among mammals, baleen whales exhibit a unique combination of high overall energetic demands and low mass-specific metabolic rates. As a result, most baleen whale species have evolved filter-feeding - [A Preliminary Study of the Movement Patterns of False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Coastal and Pelagic Waters of the Northern Territory, Australia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/preliminary-study-movement-patterns-false-killer-whales-pseudorca-crassidens-coastal/) - The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) is regarded as Data Deficient globally and in Australia. In most parts of its range, there is little information on its social behaviour, dispersal or ecology. The present study is the first assessment of its movement patterns in Australian waters, on the basis of satellite tracking of four individuals, - [Acoustic Differentiation of Shiho- and Naisa-Type Short-Finned Pilot Whales in the Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-differentiation-shiho-and-naisa-type-short-finned-pilot-whales-pacific-ocean/) - Divergence in acoustic signals used by different populations of marine mammals can be caused by a variety of environmental, hereditary, or social factors, and can indicate isolation between those populations. Two types of genetically and morphologically distinct short-finned pilot whales, called the Naisa- and Shiho-types when first described off Japan, have been identified in the - [Beaked Whales with Rostrum Deformities: Implications for Survival and Reproduction](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/beaked-whales-rostrum-deformities-implications-survival-and-reproduction/) - [A Multivariate Mixed Hidden Markov Model for Blue Whale Behaviour and Responses to Sound Exposure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/multivariate-mixed-hidden-markov-model-blue-whale-behaviour-and-responses-sound/) - Characterization of multivariate time series of behaviour data from animal-borne sensors is challenging. Biologists require methods to objectively quantify baseline behaviour, and then assess behaviour changes in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we apply hidden Markov models (HMMs) to characterize blue whale movement and diving behaviour, identifying latent states corresponding to three main underlying behaviour - [Nowhere to Go: Noise Impact Assessments for Marine Mammal Populations with High Site Fidelity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nowhere-go-noise-impact-assessments-marine-mammal-populations-high-site-fidelity/) - As awareness of the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals has grown, research has broadened from evaluating physiological responses including injury and mortality to considering effects on behavior and acoustic communication. Most mitigation efforts attempt to minimize injury by enabling animals to move away as noise levels are increased gradually. Recent experiences demonstrate that - [Habitat-Based Density Models for Three Cetacean Species off Southern California Illustrate Pronounced Seasonal Differences](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/habitat-based-density-models-three-cetacean-species-southern-california-illustrate/) - Managing marine species effectively requires spatially and temporally explicit knowledge of their density and distribution. Habitat-based density models, a type of species distribution model (SDM) that uses habitat covariates to estimate species density and distribution patterns, are increasingly used for marine management and conservation because they provide a tool for assessing potential impacts (e.g., from - [Avoidance Responses of Minke Whales to 1–4kHz Naval Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/avoidance-responses-minke-whales-1-4khz-naval-sonar/) - Minke whales are difficult to study and little information exists regarding their responses to anthropogenic sound. This study pools data from behavioural response studies off California and Norway. Data are derived from four tagged animals, of which one from each location was exposed to naval sonar signals. Statistical analyses were conducted using Mahalanobis distance to - [Estimating Blue Whale Skin Isotopic Incorporation Rates and Baleen Growth Rates: Implications for Assessing Diet and Movement Patterns in Mysticetes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/estimating-blue-whale-skin-isotopic-incorporation-rates-and-baleen-growth-rates/) - Stable isotope analysis in mysticete skin and baleen plates has been repeatedly used to assess diet and movement patterns. Accurate interpretation of isotope data depends on understanding isotopic incorporation rates for metabolically active tissues and growth rates for metabolically inert tissues. The aim of this research was to estimate isotopic incorporation rates in blue whale - [Unexpected Patterns of Global Population Structure in Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/unexpected-patterns-global-population-structure-melon-headed-whales-peponocephala/) - Foraging specialization, environmental barriers, and social structure have driven the development of strong genetic differentiation within many marine species, including most of the large dolphin species commonly referred to as ‘blackfish’ (subfamily Globicephalinae). We used mitochondrial sequence data (mtDNA) and genotypes from 14 nuclear microsatellite loci (nDNA) to examine patterns of genetic population structure in - [Diet of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales Ziphius cavirostris from the North Pacific and a Comparison with Their Diet World-Wide](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diet-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-north-pacific-and-comparison-their-diet/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are distributed world-wide and are the most common cetacean to strand coincident with navy sonars. They are known for their extreme diving capabilities but diet information, fundamental to understanding foraging at depth, is limited from most regions. We report on 11,441 prey items from stomach contents of 16 stranded or - [Determining Forward Speed from Accelerometer Jiggle in Aquatic Environments](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/determining-forward-speed-accelerometer-jiggle-aquatic-environments/) - How fast animals move is critical to understanding their energetic requirements, locomotor capacity, and foraging performance, yet current methods for measuring speed via animal-attached devices are not universally applicable. Here we present and evaluate a new method that relates forward speed to the stochastic motion of biologging devices since tag jiggle, the amplitude of the - [Persistent Organic Pollutants, Stress and Sex Hormones in Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with B-cell Lymphoma](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/persistent-organic-pollutants-stress-and-sex-hormones-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena/) - B-cell lymphoma, a common morphologic variant of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has been associated with persistent pollutants in humans, but this association is not well-characterized in top-level predators sharing marine resources with humans. We characterized and compared blubber contaminants and hormones of a pregnant harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with B-cell lymphoma, with those in two presumed healthy - [Resource Partitioning Facilitates Coexistence in Sympatric Cetaceans in the California Current](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/resource-partitioning-facilitates-coexistence-sympatric-cetaceans-california-current/) - Resource partitioning is an important process driving habitat use and foraging strategies in sympatric species that potentially compete. Differences in foraging behavior are hypothesized to contribute to species coexistence by facilitating resource partitioning, but little is known on the multiple mechanisms for partitioning that may occur simultaneously. Studies are further limited in the marine environment, - [Context-Dependent Lateralized Feeding Strategies in Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/context-dependent-lateralized-feeding-strategies-blue-whales/) - Lateralized behaviors benefit individuals by increasing task efficiency in foraging and anti-predator behaviors [1–4] . The conventional lateralization paradigm suggests individuals are left or right lateralized, although the direction of this laterality can vary for different tasks (e.g. foraging or predator inspection/avoidance). By fitting tri-axial movement sensors to blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), and by recording - [Integral Curvature Representation and Matching Algorithms for Identification of Dolphins and Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/integral-curvature-representation-and-matching-algorithms-identification-dolphins-and/) - We address the problem of identifying individual cetaceans from images showing the trailing edge of their fins. Given the trailing edge from an unknown individual, we produce a ranking of known individuals from a database. The nicks and notches along the trailing edge define an individual’s unique signature. We define a representation based on integral - [Using Digital Tags with Integrated Video and Inertial Sensors to Study Moving Morphology and Associated Function in Large Aquatic Vertebrates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/using-digital-tags-integrated-video-and-inertial-sensors-study-moving-morphology-and/) - The anatomy of large cetaceans has been well documented, mostly through dissection of dead specimens. However, the difficulty of studying the world's largest animals in their natural environment means the functions of anatomical structures must be inferred. Recently, non-invasive tracking devices have been developed that measure body position and orientation, thereby enabling the detailed reconstruction - [Noise Levels Received by Endangered Killer Whales Orcinus orca Before and After Implementation of Vessel Regulations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/noise-levels-received-endangered-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-and-after-implementation/) - Whale watching is often conducted from motorized vessels, which contribute to underwater noise pollution and can disturb marine mammals. Protective measures can ameliorate some effects of disturbance, but it is crucial to empirically assess the effectiveness of such measures, particularly for endangered species. We quantitatively compared noise exposure to endangered southern resident killer whales before - [Assessment of Wound Healing of Tagged Gray (Eschrichtius robustus) and Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) Whales in the Eastern North Pacific Using Long-Term Series of Photographs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessment-wound-healing-tagged-gray-eschrichtius-robustus-and-blue-balaenoptera/) - Tags have been used to examine migration routes and habitat use of large whales for >40 yr, however, evaluation of tag wound healing has largely been short-term, anecdotal or generalized. This study developed methods for systematic photographic assessment of long-term external consequences of tag placement, to determine potential differences in wound healing between species and - [High Mortality of Blue, Humpback and Fin Whales from Modeling of Vessel Collisions on the U.S. West Coast Suggests Population Impacts and Insufficient Protection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/high-mortality-blue-humpback-and-fin-whales-modeling-vessel-collisions-us-west-coast/) - Mortality from collisions with vessels is one of the main human causes of death for large whales. Ship strikes are rarely witnessed and the distribution of strike risk and estimates of mortality remain uncertain at best. We estimated ship strike mortality for blue humpback and fin whales in U.S. West Coast waters using a novel - [Abundance and Distribution of Cetaceans in the Gulf of Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-distribution-cetaceans-gulf-alaska/) - To effectively protect and manage marine mammals, contemporary information on their abundance and distribution is essential. Several factors influence present-day insight including the accessibility of the study area and the degree of difficulty in locating and studying target species. The offshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska are important habitat to a variety of cetaceans - [Pseudorca crassidens - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pseudorca-crassidens-iucn-red-list-threatened-species/) - [The Incidence of Bent Dorsal Fins in Free-Ranging Cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/incidence-bent-dorsal-fins-free-ranging-cetaceans/) - Laterally bent dorsal fins are rarely observed in free-ranging populations of cetaceans, contrary to captivity, where most killer whale Orcinus orca adult males have laterally collapsed fins. This topic has been poorly explored, and data/information on its occurrence and possible causes are limited. The present study: (i) undertakes a review of the available information on - [Familial Social Structure and Socially Driven Genetic Differentiation in Hawaiian Short-Finned Pilot Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/familial-social-structure-and-socially-driven-genetic-differentiation-hawaiian-short/) - Social structure can have a significant impact on divergence and evolution within species, especially in the marine environment, which has few environmental boundaries to dispersal. On the other hand, genetic structure can affect social structure in many species, through an individual preference towards associating with relatives. One social species, the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), - [Movement and Foraging Behavior of Short-Finned Pilot Whales in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Importance of Bathymetric Features and Implications for Management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-and-foraging-behavior-short-finned-pilot-whales-mid-atlantic-bight-importance/) - Shelf break systems are ecologically important regions of the ocean, and are often characterized by enhanced productivity and high densities of species from lower to upper trophic levels. Along with associated submarine canyons, shelf break regions provide important foraging habitat for deep-diving odontocetes such as pilot whales. Short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus are found throughout tropical and - [Individual Gray Whale Use of Coastal Waters off Northwest Washington During the Feeding Season 1984–2011: Implications for Management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/individual-gray-whale-use-coastal-waters-northwest-washington-during-feeding-season/) - Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in northwest Washington were studied, with the aims to: (1) increase understanding of gray whale use of the study area; (2) document the annual and seasonal fluctuations in the numbers of whales utilising the area; and (3) assess the fidelity of whales to the study area within and between years. Together these goals establish a baseline of - [Abundance estimates for management of endangered false killer whales in the main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-estimates-management-endangered-false-killer-whales-main-hawaiian-islands/) - Data limitations frequently result when monitoring endangered populations that are rare, cryptic, or inaccessible. Appropriately using the best available data to meet management mandates for these populations is a common conservation challenge. False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) occur as three distinct populations in Hawaiian waters, including a population resident to the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) - [Risso’s Dolphins Plan Foraging Dives](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/rissos-dolphins-plan-foraging-dives/) - Humans remember the past and use that information to plan future actions. Lab experiments that test memory for the location of food show that animals have a similar capability to act in anticipation of future needs, but less work has been done on animals foraging in the wild. We hypothesized that planning abilities are critical - [Stomach Contents and Diel Diving Behavior of Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra) in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/stomach-contents-and-diel-diving-behavior-melon-headed-whales-peponocephala-electra/) - [Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Pinniped Strandings and Human Interaction Cases in the Pacific Northwest, 1991-2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatio-temporal-characterization-pinniped-strandings-and-human-interaction-cases/) - Pinniped strandings can be used as a proxy to evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the local marine environment. Stranding data from Oregon and Washington from 1991 to 2016 were used to examine regional and temporal patterns in strandings and human interaction cases across age and sex for six species. Over the study period, - [Conception, Fetal Growth, and Calving Seasonality of Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Salish Sea Waters of Washington, USA, and Southern British Columbia, Canada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/conception-fetal-growth-and-calving-seasonality-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena/) - We evaluated harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)) strandings in the Salish Sea to determine calving seasonality (1980–2015). A total of 443 strandings were analyzed, of which 134 were calves and 53 were neonates. Stranded calves were reported every month, but peaked in July, August, and September. Based on fetal size and an estimated fetal growth - [Abundance Estimates for Management of Endangered False Killer Whales in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-estimates-management-endangered-false-killer-whales-main-hawaiian-islands-0/) - Effectively using the best available data to meet management mandates for endangered populations is a common conservation challenge. False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens occur as 3 distinct populations in Hawaiian waters, including a resident main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) population that is endangered under the US Endangered Species Act. A longitudinal, photo-identification dataset of 171 distinctive individuals and - [Spatiotemporal Patterns of Overlap Between Short-Finned Pilot Whales and the U.S. Pelagic Longline Fishery in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: An Assessment to Inform the Management of Fisheries Bycatch](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatiotemporal-patterns-overlap-between-short-finned-pilot-whales-and-us-pelagic/) - Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) depredate pelagic longlines along the shelf break of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The mortality and serious injury of short-finned pilot whales in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery recently exceeded Potential Biological Removal levels defined under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, and bycatch mitigation techniques developed to date have been unsuccessful. - [How to Tell Them Apart? Discriminating Tropical Blackfish Species Using Fin and Body Measurements from Photographs Taken at Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/how-tell-them-apart-discriminating-tropical-blackfish-species-using-fin-and-body/) - The misidentification of species and populations is a hindrance to effective cetacean management. We devised a method of species identification using 10 fin and body measurements obtainable from at-sea photographs, and demonstrated its ability to distinguish four species of Hawaiian“blackfish”: pygmy killer, melon-headed, short-finned pilot,and false killer whales. Measurements from photos of 382 known individuals - [Diving Behaviour of Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diving-behaviour-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-cape-hatteras-north-carolina/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales exhibit exceptionally long and deep foraging dives. The species is little studied due to their deepwater, offshore distribution and limited time spent at the surface. We used LIMPET satellite tags to study the diving behaviour of Cuvier’s beaked whales off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina from 2014 to 2016. We deployed 11 tags, recording 3242 h of behaviour data, - [Predicting Fisheries Bycatch: A Case Study and Field Test for Pilot Whales in a Pelagic Longline Fishery](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/predicting-fisheries-bycatch-case-study-and-field-test-pilot-whales-pelagic-longline/) - Aim: Fisheries bycatch is a major threat to populations of protected species such as marine mammals, seabirds and sea turtles, and static management approaches are often unsuccessful in mitigating bycatch of these highly mobile species. Combining species distribution models (SDMs) with oceanographic data has been proposed as a means of predicting when and where bycatch - [Oceanographic Barriers, Divergence, and Admixture: Phylogeography and Taxonomy of Two Putative Subspecies of Short-Finned Pilot Whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/oceanographic-barriers-divergence-and-admixture-phylogeography-and-taxonomy-two/) - Genomic phylogeography plays an important role in describing evolutionary processes and their geographic, ecological, or cultural drivers. These drivers are often poorly understood in marine environments, which have fewer obvious barriers to mixing than terrestrial environments. Taxonomic uncertainty of some taxa (e.g., cetaceans), due to the difficulty in obtaining morphological data, can hamper our understanding - [Host-Derived Population Genomics Data Provides Insights into Bacterial and Diatom Composition of the Killer Whale Skin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/host-derived-population-genomics-data-provides-insights-bacterial-and-diatom/) - Recent exploration into the interactions and relationship between hosts and their microbiota has revealed a connection between many aspects of the host's biology, health and associated micro‐organisms. Whereas amplicon sequencing has traditionally been used to characterize the microbiome, the increasing number of published population genomics data sets offers an underexploited opportunity to study microbial profiles from - [Song of My People: Dialect Differences Among Sympatric Social Groups of Short-Finned Pilot Whales in Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/song-my-people-dialect-differences-among-sympatric-social-groups-short-finned-pilot/) - In many social species, acoustic dialects are used to differentiate among social groups within a local population. These acoustic dialects and their corresponding social groups are often related to distinct foraging behaviors or spatial movement patterns, and it is possible that vocal repertoire variability is one of the proximate mechanisms driving or maintaining genetic and - [Context-Dependent Variability in Blue Whale Acoustic Behaviour.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/context-dependent-variability-blue-whale-acoustic-behaviour/) - Abstract Acoustic communication is an important aspect of reproductive, foraging and social behaviours for many marine species. Northeast Pacific blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) produce three different call types-A, B and D calls. All may be produced as singular calls, but A and B calls also occur in phrases to form songs. To evaluate the behavioural - [Body Flexibility Enhances Maneuverability in the World’s Largest Predator](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/body-flexibility-enhances-maneuverability-worlds-largest-predator/) - Blue whales are often characterized as highly stable, open-ocean swimmers who sacrifice maneuverability for long-distance cruising performance. However, recent studies have revealed that blue whales actually exhibit surprisingly complex underwater behaviors, yet little is known about the performance and control of these maneuvers. Here, we use multi-sensor biologgers equipped with cameras to quantify the locomotor - [Future Directions in Research on Beaked Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/future-directions-research-beaked-whales/) - Until the 1990s, beaked whales were one of the least understood groups of large mammals. Information on northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) and Baird’s beaked whales (Berardius bairdii) was available from data collected during whaling, however, little information existed on the smaller species other than occasional data gleaned from beach-cast animals. Recent research advances have - [Advances in Research on the Impacts of Anti-Submarine Sonar on Beaked Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/advances-research-impacts-anti-submarine-sonar-beaked-whales/) - Mass stranding events (MSEs) of beaked whales (BWs) were extremely rare prior to the 1960s but increased markedly after the development of naval mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS). The temporal and spatial associations between atypical BW MSEs and naval exercises were first observed in the Canary Islands, Spain, in the mid-1980s. Further research on BWs stranded - [Diving Behavior and Fine-Scale Kinematics of Free-Ranging Risso's Dolphins Foraging in Shallow and Deep-Water Habitats](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diving-behavior-and-fine-scale-kinematics-free-ranging-rissos-dolphins-foraging-shallow/) - Air-breathing marine predators must balance the conflicting demands of oxygen conservation during breath-hold and the cost of diving and locomotion to capture prey. However, it remains poorly understood how predators modulate foraging performance when feeding at different depths and in response to changes in prey distribution and type. Here, we used high-resolution multi-sensor tags attached - [Automated Peak Detection Method for Behavioral Event Identification: Detecting Balaenoptera musculus and Grampus griseus Feeding Attempts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/automated-peak-detection-method-behavioral-event-identification-detecting-balaenoptera/) - The desire of animal behaviorists for more fexible methods of conducting inter-study and inter-specifc comparisons and meta-analysis of various animal behaviors compelled us to design an automated, animal behavior peak detection method that is potentially generalizable to a wide variety of data types, animals, and behaviors. We detected the times of feeding attempts by 12 - [Acoustic Observation of the Reaction of Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) to Vocalizations, Most Likely from Killer Whales (Orcinus orca), off Kauaʻi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-observation-reaction-rough-toothed-dolphin-steno-bredanensis-vocalizations/) - [Killer Whale Genomes Reveal a Complex History of Recurrent Admixture and Vicariance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/killer-whale-genomes-reveal-complex-history-recurrent-admixture-and-vicariance/) - Reconstruction of the demographic and evolutionary history of populations assuming a consensus tree-like relationship can mask more complex scenarios, which are prevalent in nature. An emerging genomic toolset, which has been most comprehensively harnessed in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history, enables molecular ecologists to elucidate complex population histories. Killer whales have limited extrinsic barriers - [Evaluating Stakeholder-Derived Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Ships Striking Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evaluating-stakeholder-derived-strategies-reduce-risk-ships-striking-whales/) - Aim: Ship strikes are one of the largest sources of human‐caused mortality for baleen whales on the West Coast of the United States. Reducing ship‐strike risk in this region is complicated by changes in ship traffic that resulted from air pollution regulations and economic factors. A diverse group of stakeholders was convened to develop strategies - [Lessons from Placing an Observer on Commercial Cargo Ships Off the U.S. West Coast: Utility as an Observation Platform and Insight Into Ship Strike Vulnerability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lessons-placing-observer-commercial-cargo-ships-us-west-coast-utility-observation/) - Ship strikes of whales are a growing concern around the world and especially along the U.S. West Coast, home to some of busiest ports in the world and where ship strikes on a number of species including blue, fin, and humpback whales have been documented. This trial program examined the feasibility, logistics, industry cooperation, and - [Revision of Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies Using Genetic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/revision-fin-whale-balaenoptera-physalus-linnaeus-1758-subspecies-using-genetic/) - Three subspecies of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are currently recognized, including the northern fin whale (B. p. physalus), the southern fin whale (B. p. quoyi), and the pygmy fin whale (B. p. patachonica). The Northern Hemisphere subspecies encompasses fin whales in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. A recent analysis of 154 mitogenome sequences of fin whales from these two - [Differential Vulnerability to Ship Strikes between Day and Night for Blue, Fin, and Humpback Whales Based on Dive and Movement Data from Medium Duration Archival Tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/differential-vulnerability-ship-strikes-between-day-and-night-blue-fin-and-humpback/) - We examine the dive and movement behavior of blue, fin, and humpback whales along the US West Coast in regions with high ship traffic where ship strikes have been identified as a major concern. All three species are known to feed in coastal waters near areas of high ship traffic. We analyzed data from 33 - [Survival of a Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Calf with a Presumptive Gunshot Wound to the Head](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnishetal2019_aquaticmammals/) - Documented gunshot wounds in odontocetes are a rare occurrence, but have been previously reported in several locations within the United States. Depredation of bait or catch from fishermen has been identified through anecdotal accounts as a reason behind shootings, though confirmation of the circumstances behind any gunshot wound is difficult. We report the apparent shooting - [Lunar Cycles Influence the Diving Behavior and Habitat Use of Short-Finned Pilot Whales Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/owenetal2019_meps/) - The availability of light, both solar and lunar, is likely to influence the behavior of vertically migrating aquatic animals and their predators. However, the influence of light level on the diving behavior and habitat use of deep-diving cetaceans is not well understood. We used data from 28 depth-transmitting satellite tags deployed on short-finned pilot whales - [Fidelity to Natal Social Groups and Mating Within and Between Social Groups in an Endangered False Killer Whale Population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal2019/) - Most mammals exhibit natal dispersal of one or both sexes, a behavior that likely evolved in part to reduce the chances of breeding with close relatives. When natal social group fidelity of both sexes has been documented, the risk of inbreeding is reduced by breeding among rather than within social groups. We investigated mating patterns - [A Case Study of a Near Vessel Strike of a Blue Whale: Perceptual Cues and Fine-Scale Aspects of Behavioral Avoidance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/case-study-near-vessel-strike-blue-whale-perceptual-cues-and-fine-scale-aspects/) - Despite efforts to aid recovery, Eastern North Pacific blue whales faces numerous anthropogenic threats. These include behavioral disturbances and noise interference with communication, but also direct physical harm – notably injury and mortality from ship strikes. Factors leading to ship strikes are poorly understood, with virtually nothing known about the cues available to blue whales - [Participatory Science and Directed Survey Methods: A Case Study with Odontocetes in the Maui Nui Region of the Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/howe_etal_2020/) - Given the difficulties and costs often associated with surveying cetaceans, enlisting members of the public to collect data offers a promising alternative approach. Comparison of cetacean ‘participatory science’ (also known as ‘citizen science’) data with data collected during traditional scientific studies helps reveal the strengths and weaknesses of a participatory science approach. With a large - [Habitat Compression and Ecosystem Shifts as Potential Links Between Marine Heatwave and Record Whale Entanglements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/habitat-compression-and-ecosystem-shifts-potential-links-between-marine-heatwave-and/) - Climate change and increased variability and intensity of climate events, in combination with recovering protected species populations and highly capitalized fisheries, are posing new challenges for fisheries management. We examine socio-ecological features of the unprecedented 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heatwave to understand the potential causes for record numbers of whale entanglements in the central California - [Energetic and Physical Limitations on the Breaching Performance of Large Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/segre_etal2020/) - The considerable power needed for large whales to leap out of the water may represent the single most expensive burst maneuver found in nature. However, the mechanics and energetic costs associated with the breaching behaviors of large whales remain poorly understood. In this study we deployed whale-borne tags to measure the kinematics of breaching to - [Marine Mammal Skin Microbiotas are Influenced by Host Phylogeny](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/apprill_etal_2020/) - Skin-associated microorganisms have been shown to play a role in immune function and disease of humans, but are understudied in marine mammals, a diverse animal group that serve as sentinels of ocean health. We examined the microbiota associated with 75 epidermal samples opportunistically collected from nine species within four marine mammal families, including: Balaenopteridae (sei - [Identifying Spinner Dolphin Stenella longirostris longirostris Movement and Behavioral Patterns to Inform Conservation Strategies in Maui Nui, Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/stack_etal_2020/) - Spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris longirostris in Hawai‘i exhibit a predictable diurnal behavioral pattern which makes them vulnerable to human disturbance: feeding at night in offshore waters and resting during daytime in bays. There is concern that human activity, such as swimming with and viewing wild dolphins from vessels, is altering their natural behavioral patterns and - [The Emergence of Mucormycosis in Free-Ranging Marine Mammals of the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/huggins_etal_2020/) - Primary fungal diseases in marine mammals are rare. Mucormycosis, a disease caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, has been documented in few cetaceans and pinnipeds. In 2012, the first case of mucormycosis in the Pacific Northwest was documented in a dead stranded harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Washington state. Since then, mucormycosis has been - [Photo-Identification of Individual Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Using All Available Natural Marks: Implications for Misidentification and Automated Algorithm Matching Technology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/franklin_etal_2020jcetresmanagement/) - As the ventral-tail fluke catalogues used to study humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) increase in size, the time and cost involved with curation and manual photo-identification matching increases accordingly, and this is becoming a significant challenge for field researchers. In addition, misidentification errors in catalogue matching can seriously affect population dynamics parameter estimates and capture-mark recapture - [Where the Wild Things Are: First Dedicated Vessel-Based Expedition of Marine Mammals in Belize](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/where-wild-things-are-first-dedicated-vessel-based-expedition-marine-mammals-belize/) - Baseline data on the distribution and occurrence of marine mammals are needed to better understand their role in marine ecosystems and to protect them from the negative impacts of climate change and human activity. Here, we report the results of vessel-based surveys to document marine mammals throughout the territorial waters of Belize in the Western - [Adult Male Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Engage in Prolonged Bouts of Synchronous Diving](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cioffi_etal2021/) - Studies of the social behavior of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are challenging because of their deepwater habitat usually far from shore and the limited time they spend at the surface. The sociality of these deepest diving mammals is of interest, however, especially for our understanding of how social systems evolve in extreme habitats. High - [Predator-Scale Spatial Analysis of Intra-Patch Prey Distribution Reveals the Energetic Drivers of Rorqual Whale Super-Group Formation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cade_etal_2021/) - 1. Animals are distributed relative to the resources they rely upon, often scaling in abundance relative to available resources. Yet, in heterogeneously distributed environments, describing resource availability at relevant spatial scales remains a challenge in ecology, inhibiting understanding of predator distribution and foraging decisions. 2. We investigated the foraging behaviour of two species of rorqual - [Runs of Homozygosity in Killer Whale Genomes Provide a Global Record of Demographic Histories](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foote_etal_2021/) - Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigate whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity - [Site Fidelity, Spatial Use, and Behavior of Dwarf Sperm Whales in Hawaiian Waters: Using Small-Boat Surveys, Photo-Identification, and Unmanned Aerial Systems to Study a Difficult-to-Study Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_mms2021/) - Dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima) have been studied rarely at sea. We used photo-identification, boat- and drone-based behavioral observations, and citizen science photo contributions to examine site fidelity, spatial use, and behavior in Hawaiʻi. Sighting rates were highest in island slope (500–1,000 m) waters. Over 40% of photo-identified individuals were linked by association in the same - [Speciation in the Deep: Genomics and Morphology Reveal a New Species of Beaked Whale Mesoplodon eueu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/carroll_etal_2021/) - The deep sea has been described as the last major ecological frontier, as much of its biodiversity is yet to be discovered and described. Beaked whales (ziphiids) are among the most visible inhabitants of the deep sea, due to their large size and worldwide distribution, and their taxonomic diversity and much about their natural history - [Baleen Whale Prey Consumption Based on High-Resolution Foraging Measurements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/savoca_etal_2021/) - Baleen whales influence their ecosystems through immense prey consumption and nutrient recycling. It is difficult to accurately gauge the magnitude of their current or historic ecosystem role without measuring feeding rates and prey consumed. To date, prey consumption of the largest species has been estimated using metabolic models based on extrapolations that lack empirical validation. Here, - [Discrete-Space Continuous-Time Models of Marine Mammal Exposure to Navy Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/jonestodd_etal_2021/) - Assessing the patterns of wildlife attendance to specific areas is relevant across many fundamental and applied ecological studies, particularly when animals are at risk of being exposed to stressors within or outside the boundaries of those areas. Marine mammals are increasingly being exposed to human activities that may cause behavioral and physiological changes, including military - [Integrating Remote Sensing Methods During Controlled Exposure Experiments to Quantify Group Responses of Dolphins to Navy Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/durban_etal_2021marpolbul/) - Human noise can be harmful to sound-centric marine mammals. Significant research has focused on characterizing behavioral responses of protected cetacean species to navy mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS). Controlled exposure experiments (CEE) using animal-borne tags have proved valuable, but smaller dolphins are not amenable to tagging and groups of interacting individuals are more relevant behavioral units - [Blue Whales Increase Feeding Rates at Fine-Scale Ocean Features](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fahlbusch_etal_2022/) - Marine predators face the challenge of reliably finding prey that is patchily distributed in space and time. Predators make movement decisions at multiple spatial and temporal scales, yet we have a limited understanding of how habitat selection at multiple scales translates into foraging performance. In the ocean, there is mounting evidence that submesoscale (i.e. less - [A Satellite-Linked Tag for the Long-Term Monitoring of Diving Behavior in Large Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/palacios_etal_2022_animalbiotelemetry/) - Despite spending most time underwater, the technology in use to track whales over large geographic ranges via satellite has been largely limited to locational data, with most applications focusing on characterizing their horizontal movements. We describe the development of the RDW tag, a new Argos-based satellite telemetry device that incorporates sensors for monitoring the movements - [Risk Factor Determination and Qualitative Risk Assessment of Mucormycosis in Harbor Porpoise, an Emergent Fungal Disease in Salish Sea Marine Mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/norman_etal_2022/) - Mucorales infections are increasing in frequency and are a One Health pathogen of concern. In humans and domestic animals, risk factors include being immunocompromised, elevated circulating serum iron, contaminated open wounds, or metabolic diseases such as ketoacidosis or uncontrolled diabetes. Mucormycosis was first identified in 2012 in Pacific Northwest marine mammals, predominantly in harbor porpoises. - [Blue Whale Body Condition Assessed Over a 14-Year Period in the NE Pacific: Annual Variation and Connection to Measures of Ocean Productivity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wachtendonk_etal_2022/) - Large marine mammals can serve as an indicator of the overall state of the environment due to their apex position in marine food webs and their functions as sentinels of change. Reductions in prey, driven by changes in environmental conditions can manifest in reduced fat stores that are visible on whales. We developed a non-invasive - [From Individual Responses to Population Effects: Integrating a Decade of Multidisciplinary Research on Blue Whales and Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/from-individual-responses-to-population-effects-integrating-a-decade-of-multidisciplinary-research-on-blue-whales-and-sonar/) - As ecosystems transform under climate change and expanding human activities, multidisciplinary integration of empirical research, conceptual frameworks and modelling methods is required to predict, monitor and manage the cascading effects on wildlife populations. For example, exposure to anthropogenic noise can lead to changes in the behaviour and physiology of individual marine mammals, but management is - [Cetacean Strandings in the US Pacific Northwest 2000-2019 Reveal Potential Linkages to Oceanographic Variability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/warlick_etal_2022/) - Studying patterns in marine mammal stranding cases can provide insight into changes in population health, abundance, and distribution. Cetaceans along the United States West coast strand for a wide variety of reasons, including disease, injury, and poor nutritional status, all of which may be caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Examining the potential drivers - [Behavioral Responses of Individual Blue Whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to Midfrequency Military Sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/behavioral-responses-individual-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-midfrequency-military/) - This study measured the degree of behavioral responses in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to controlled noise exposure off the southern California coast. High-resolution movement and passive acoustic data were obtained from non-invasive archival tags (n=42) whereas surface positions were obtained with visual focal follows. Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) were used to obtain direct behavioral measurements - [Assessing the Recovery of an Antarctic Predator from Historical Exploitation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessing-recovery-antarctic-predator-historical-exploitation/) - The recovery of whale populations from centuries of exploitation will have important management and ecological implications due to greater exposure to anthropogenic activities and increasing prey consumption. Here, a Bayesian population model integrates catch data, estimates of abundance, and information on genetics and biology to assess the recovery of western South Atlantic (WSA) humpback whales - [The Advantages of Diving Deep: Fin Whales Quadruple Their Energy Intake When Targeting Deep Krill Patches](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/advantages-diving-deep-fin-whales-quadruple-their-energy-intake-when-targeting-deep/) - 1. How predators maximize energetic gains while minimizing the costs associated with exploiting heterogeneous prey remains a difficult ecological principle to test in natural systems. 2. Deep‐diving, air‐breathing predators face conflicting demands of oxygen conservation to extend dive time and oxygen usage from the exercise required to find and capture prey. How predators balance these - [Extreme Bradycardia and Tachycardia in the World’s Largest Animal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/extreme-bradycardia-and-tachycardia-worlds-largest-animal/) - The biology of the blue whale has long fascinated physiologists because of the animal’s extreme size. Despite high energetic demands from a large body, low mass-specific metabolic rates are likely powered by low heart rates. Diving bradycardia should slow blood oxygen depletion and enhance dive time available for foraging at depth. However, blue whales exhibit - [Best Practice Guidelines for Cetacean Tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/best-practice-guidelines-cetacean-tagging/) - Animal-borne electronic instruments (tags) are valuable tools for collecting information on cetacean physiology, behaviour and ecology, and for enhancing conservation and management policies for cetacean populations. Tags allow researchers to track the movement patterns, habitat use and other aspects of the behaviour of animals that are otherwise difficult to observe. They can even be used - [Reemergence of Guadalupe Fur Seals in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: The Epidemiology of Stranding Events During 2005-2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dagnese_etal_2020/) - Guadalupe fur seals (GFS), Arctocephalus philippii townsendi, an U.S. Endangered Species Act threatened pinniped, have recently reappeared in their historic range along the western seaboard of the continental United States. Starting 2005 through 2016, 169 GFSs stranded in Washington and Oregon, involving two designated unusual mortality events. The circumstances surrounding GFS strandings, mortality, and their - [Southernmost Record of False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ryan_etal_2020/) - [Remoras Pick Where They Stick on Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/flammang_etal_2020/) - Animal-borne video recordings from blue whales in the open ocean show that remoras preferentially adhere to specific regions on the surface of the whale. Using empirical and computational fluid dynamics analyses, we show that remora attachment was specific to regions of separating flow and wakes caused by surface features on the whale. Adhesion at these - [Lunge Filter Feeding Biomechanics Constrain Rorqual Foraging Ecology Across Scale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kahanerapport_etal_2020/) - Fundamental scaling relationships influence the physiology of vital rates, which in turn shape the ecology and evolution of organisms. For diving mammals, benefits conferred by large body size include reduced transport costs and enhanced breath-holding capacity, thereby increasing overall foraging efficiency. Rorqual whales feed by engulfing a large mass of prey-laden water at high speed - [Life History and Social Structure as Drivers of Persistent Organic Pollutant Levels and Stable Isotopes in Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2020/) - False killer whales are long-lived, slow to mature, apex predators, and therefore susceptible to bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Hawaiian waters are home to three distinct populations: pelagic; North-western Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) insular; and main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) insular. Following a precipitous decline over recent decades, the MHI population was listed as“endangered”under the Endangered - [Using Dolphins to Catch Tuna: Assessment of Associations Between Pantropical Spotted Dolphins and Yellowfin Tuna Hook and Line Fisheries in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdwebster2020/) - In Hawaiian waters fishermen use the association between pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to catch tuna. Targeting fishing effort around or in spotted dolphin groups has the potential to lead to bycatch, and anecdotal reports of hooking dolphins exist. We recorded information on fishing vessels associated with spotted dolphin groups - [Animal-Borne Metrics Enable Acoustic Detection of Blue Whale Migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/oestreich_etal_2020jcub/) - Linking individual and population scales is fundamental to many concepts in ecology, including migration. This behavior is a critical yet increasingly threatened part of the life history of diverse organisms. Research on migratory behavior is constrained by observational scale, limiting ecological understanding and precise management of migratory populations in expansive, inaccessible marine ecosystems. This knowledge gap - [Pathology Findings and Correlation with Body Condition Index in Stranded Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Northeastern Pacific and Hawaii From 2004 to 2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/raverty_etal_2021plosone/) - Understanding health and mortality in killer whales (Orcinus orca) is crucial for management and conservation actions. We reviewed pathology reports from 53 animals that stranded in the eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii between 2004 and 2013 and used data from 35 animals that stranded from 2001 to 2017 to assess association with morphometrics, blubber thickness, - [Isotope-Based Inferences of the Seasonal Foraging and Migratory Strategies of Blue Whales in the Eastern Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/busquetsvass_etal_2020/) - Migratory marine megafauna generally move vast distances between productive foraging grounds and environmentally stable breeding grounds, but characterizing how they use these habitats to maintain homeostasis and reproduce is difficult. We used isotope analysis of blue whale skin strata (n = 621) and potential prey (n = 300) to examine their migratory and foraging strategies in the eastern Pacific - [Context-Dependent Variability in the Predicted Daily Energetic Costs of Disturbance for Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/context-dependent-variability-predicted-daily-energetic-costs-disturbance-blue-whales/) - Assessing the long-term consequences of sub-lethal anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife populations requires integrating data on fine-scale individual behavior and physiology into spatially and temporally broader, population-level inference. A typical behavioral response to disturbance is the cessation of foraging, which can be translated into a common metric of energetic cost. However, this necessitates detailed empirical information - [Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria in Two Marine Mammal Species, Harbor Seals and Harbor Porpoises, Living in an Urban Marine Ecosystem, the Salish Sea, Washington State, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/norman_etal_2021/) - The pervasive use of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and agriculture can result in a significant increase in the spread and environmental persistence of antibiotic resistance in marine ecosystems. This study describes the presence and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Salish Sea harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and evaluates species, - [Bringing the Right Fishermen to the Table: Indices of Overlap Between Endangered False Killer Whales and Nearshore Fisheries in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_biocon2021/) - Incidental bycatch in fisheries is a pressing conservation issue for marine mammal populations across the globe. However, the ability to detect and therefore mitigate this issue is challenging for several reasons. Fishermen are unlikely to voluntarily report bycatch due to fear of penalization or apathy towards it. While fisheries observer programs are sometimes in place - [Residency and Movement Patterns of Cuvier's Beaked Whales Ziphius cavirostris off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foley_etal_2021meps/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales Ziphius cavirostris are wide-ranging, deep-diving cetaceans that are particularly sensitive to anthropogenic noise. Current stock assessments assume a single population in the western North Atlantic Ocean, but knowledge of the residency patterns and distribution of the species is currently lacking in the region. Here we describe the spatial ecology of 20 Cuvier’s - [Population Structure in a Continuously Distributed Coastal Marine Species, the Harbor Porpoise, Based on Microhaplotypes Derived from Poor-Quality Samples](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/morin_etal2021/) - Harbor porpoise in the North Pacific are found in coastal waters from southern California to Japan, but population structure is poorly known outside of a few local areas. We used multiplexed amplicon sequencing of 292 loci and genotyped clusters of single nucleotide polymoirphisms as microhaplotypes (N = 271 samples) in addition to mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence - [Endangered Predators and Endangered Prey: Seasonal Diet of Southern Resident Killer Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hanson_etal2021_plosone/) - Understanding diet is critical for conservation of endangered predators. Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW) (Orcinus orca) are an endangered population occurring primarily along the outer coast and inland waters of Washington and British Columbia. Insufficient prey has been identified as a factor limiting their recovery, so a clear understanding of their seasonal diet is a - [Diel and Lunar Variation in Diving Behavior of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) off Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/shaff_baird_2021/) - Observational studies describe rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) actively foraging during the day on epipelagic species. Using data from depth-transmitting satellite tags deployed on nine individuals off Kauaʻi, we investigated diving behavior and the effects of lunar phase and solar light levels on vertical movements. Overall, tagged roughtoothed dolphins primarily used near-surface waters, spending between 83.6% - [Sightings and Satellite Tracking of a Blue/Fin Whale Hybrid in its Wintering and Summering Ranges in the Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/jefferson_etal2021_aomb/) - We report 20 photo-documented sightings of a blue/fin whale hybrid between 2004 and 2020, in its wintering and summering ranges in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and southern California, USA, respectively. The whale was confirmed to be a hybrid by genetic testing using a reference dataset of non-hybrid blue and fin whales. It was also - [Mark-Recapture Estimates Suggest Declines in Abundance of Common Bottlenose Dolphin Stocks in the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vancise_etal_2021/) - Species conservation relies on understanding population demographics, yet this information is lacking for many species and populations. Four stocks of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus inhabiting the waters surrounding the main Hawaiian Islands (USA) are exposed to anthropogenic disturbances including fisheries interactions, tourism, naval activities, ocean noise, and contaminants. Although these stocks are managed under - [Patterns of Depredation in the Hawai‘i Deep-Set Longline Fishery Informed by Fishery and False Killer Whale Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fader_etal_2021/) - False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) depredate bait and catch in the Hawai‘i-based deep-set longline fishery, and as a result, this species is hooked or entangled more than any other cetacean in this fishery. We analyzed data collected by fisheries observers and from satellite-linked transmitters deployed on false killer whales to identify patterns of odontocete depredation - [Killer Whale Predatory Scarring on Mysticetes: A Comparison of Rake Marks Among Blue, Humpback, and Gray Whales in the Eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/corsi_etal_2021/) - We investigated the predator–prey relationship between baleen whales and killer whales by observing predatory scarring (rake marks) on the tail flukes of three mysticete species from the eastern North Pacific Ocean: humpback, blue, and gray whales. We integrated both qualitative scores and new quantitative measures to compare predatory scarring left by killer whales on the - [Application of Endocrine Biomarkers to Update Information on Reproductive Physiology in Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melica_etal_2021_plosone/) - Most of our knowledge on reproductive biology of gray whales dates back to scientific research conducted during commercial whaling in the late 1950s and 1960s. The goal of the present study was to provide updated insights on reproductive physiology of gray whales, using progesterone and testosterone as biomarkers. We measured hormone concentrations using enzyme immunoassay - [Comparing Uncertainty Associated with 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bierlich_etal_2021/) - Body condition is a crucial and indicative measure of an animal’s fitness, reflecting overall foraging success, habitat quality, and balance between energy intake and energetic investment toward growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Recently, dronebased photogrammetry has provided new opportunities to obtain body condition estimates of baleen whales in one, two or three dimensions (1D, 2D, and - [Advanced Image Recognition: A Fully Automated, High-Accuracy Photo-Identification Matching System for Humpback Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cheeseman_etal_2021/) - We describe the development and application of a new convolutional neural network-based photo-identification algorithm for individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The method uses a Densely Connected Convolutional Network (DenseNet) to extract special keypoints of an image of the ventral surface of the fluke and then a separate DenseNet trained to look for features within these - [Social Exploitation of Extensive, Ephemeral, Environmentally Controlled Prey Patches by Supergroups of Rorqual Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cade_etal_2021animalbehaviour/) - Large groups of animals aggregate around resource hotspots, with group size often influenced by the heterogeneity of the environment. In most cases, the foraging success of individuals within groups is interdependent, scaling either constructively or destructively with group size. Here we used biologging tags, acoustic prey mapping, passive acoustic recording of social cues and remote sensing of - [Scaling of Maneuvering Performance in Baleen Whales: Larger Whales Outperform Expectations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/segre_etal_2022jeb/) - Despite their enormous size, whales make their living as voracious predators. To catch their much smaller, more maneuverable prey, they have developed several unique locomotor strategies that require high energetic input, high mechanical power output and a surprising degree of agility. To better understand how body size affects maneuverability at the largest scale, we used bio-logging - [Discriminating and Classifying Odontocete Echolocation Clicks in the Hawaiian Islands Using Machine Learning Methods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ziegenhorn_etal_2022/) - Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has proven a powerful tool for the study of marine mammals, allowing for documentation of biologically relevant factors such as movement patterns or animal behaviors while remaining largely non-invasive and cost effective. From 2008–2019, a set of PAM recordings covering the frequency band of most toothed whale (odontocete) echolocation clicks were - [Open Water Grouping Behavior in Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) of the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/elliser_etal_2022/) - Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) commonly form larger congregations at haul out locations during times of rest and pupping season, but are generally thought to be solitary at sea. Occasionally larger clusters of individuals may be observed swimming near haul out sites, forced bottlenecking channels or mouths of rivers with concentrated prey and restricted space. Recently, - [Abundance, Distribution, and Behavior of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) along the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua, Central America](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/deweerdt_etal_2022/) - Context: Previous research has shown the presence of an endangered humpback whale population breeding off the Pacific coast of Central America. However, little is known about the density, size, social-group structure and spatial habitat use of this subpopulation. Aim: The study goal was to characterise a potential breeding subpopulation of humpback whales in the waters off Nicaragua. - [Naturally Stressed? Glucocorticoid Profiles in Blubber of Blue and Gray Whales in Response to Life History Parameters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melica_etal_2022/) - The goal of the present study was to carry out a thorough methodological validation and describe baseline profiles for glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone) in blubber from blue (n = 77) and gray (n = 103) whales from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. For each species, we modelled cortisol and corticosterone concentrations in response to life history parameters (age, - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Odontocetes on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kaua'i, in August 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/small-boat-surveys-and-satellite-tagging-of-odontocetes-on-the-pacific-missile-range-facility-kauai-in-august-2021/) - As part of the long-term United States (U.S.) Navy-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 1-14 August 2021, a combination of boat-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The effort was timed to occur immediately prior to the start - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Odontocetes on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kaua'i, in August 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/small-boat-surveys-and-satellite-tagging-of-odontocetes-on-the-pacific-missile-range-facility-kauai-in-august-2021-2/) - [Cooperative Conservation and Long-term Management of False Killer Whales in Hawaiʻi: Geospatial Analyses of Fisheries and Satellite Tag Data to Understand Fishery Interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdetal2019_section6_finalreport/) - False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are long-lived upper trophic level odontocetes that are found throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Until recently relatively little was known about this species anywhere in its range. Studies of this species originally begun around the main Hawaiian Islands in 1999 have provided the most detailed information on false killer whales - [Assessing Odontocete Exposure and Response to Mid-Frequency Active Sonar During Submarine Command Courses at the Pacific Missile Range Facility: 2016 through 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdetal2019_pmrf_finalreport/) - A number of species of resident and non-resident odontocetes use the waters of the Kaulakahi Channel between Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau, overlapping with the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Submarine Command Courses (SCCs) held at PMRF provide an opportunity to assess exposure and measure odontocete reactions to mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) being used in realistic training - [Updated Analysis of Abundance and Population Structure of Seasonal Gray Whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-analysis-abundance-and-population-structure-seasonal-gray-whales-pacific-2/) - We update the results of a 22-year (1996-2017) collaborative study examining the abundance and the population structure of these animals conducted over a number of regions from Northern California to British Columbia using photographic identification. Some 22,847 identifications representing 1,944 unique gray whales were obtained during 1996-2017 from Southern California to Alaska. Gray whales seen - [Updated Abundance Estimates for Blue and Humpback Whales Along the U.S. West Coast Using Data Through 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calambokidis_barlow_2020_noaa_nmfs_swfsc/) - This report provides updated West-Coast abundance estimates for blue and humpback whales from mark-recapture estimates based on photo-identifications work conducted by Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) and collaborators through 2018. A new analysis of the photo-identification data is underway using Bayesian models and will be available in the future. The purpose of this report is to - [Odontocete Studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in February 2020: Satellite-Tagging, Photo-Identification, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal2021_pmrf2020/) - As part of a long-term U.S. Navy-funded marine mammal monitoring program, in February 2020 a combination of vessel-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off Kaua‘i prior to a Submarine Command Course scheduled for mid-February 2020. The purpose of the monitoring effort was - [Trends in Propeller Strike-Induced Mortality in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) of the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/olson_etal_2021/) - Documenting human impacts on marine mammals is critical for understanding and mitigating harm. Although propeller strike injuries in small marine mammals are often debilitating and fatal, little is known about the occurrence or demographics of these types of injuries in pinniped populations. Using data of stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Salish Sea from - [Congenital Diseases in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) from the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/dagnese_etal_2021/) - Postmortem data for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) in the Salish Sea were analyzed for epidemiologic trends in congenital diseases. Cleft palate, cleft lips, or both (n=8) and cardiac defects (n=5) were the most common congenital abnormalities, followed by cases with multiple defects (n=4). No temporal trends or spatial clusters of cases were seen from - [FY20 Summary Report on the Received Level Analysis of Satellite Tagged Odontocetes at the Pacific Missile Range Facility](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/henderson_etal2021/) - This report summarizes the development and application of substantially upgraded analytical methods to quantify the movement and diving behavior of satellite tagged odontocetes before, during, and after Submarine Command Course (SCC) training events at the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, including their predicted exposure and potential response to mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) - [Evaluation of Humpback Whales Wintering in Central America and Southern Mexico as a Demographically Independent Population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/taylor_etal_2021/) - The Guidelines for Preparing Stock Assessment Reports Pursuant to the 1994 Amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act specify that a stock under the Act should, whenever possible, comprise a demographically independent population (DIP). Considerable new data suggest the existence of potential DIPs within some distinct population segments (DPSs) of the North Pacific subspecies of - [Evaluation of Mexico Distinct Population Segment of Humpback Whales as Units Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/martien_etal_2021/) - The Guidelines for Preparing Stock Assessment Reports Pursuant to the 1994 Amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act specify that a stock under the Act should, whenever possible, comprise a demographically independent population (DIP). Considerable new data suggest the existence of potential DIPs within some distinct population segments (DPSs) of the North Pacific subspecies of - [Small-Boat Surveys and Satellite Tagging of Odontocetes on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauaʻi, in August 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2022_kauai/) - As part of the long-term United States (U.S.) Navy-funded Marine Species Monitoring Program, from 1-14 August 2021, a combination of boat-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the underwater hydrophone ranges of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The effort was timed to occur immediately prior to the start - [Residency and Movement Patterns of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off O‘ahu and Maui Nui Carry Implications for Current Stock Boundaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harnish_etal_2022psrg/) - Accurate descriptions of population structure are critical to inform effective management of protected species. Here we present the results of a reassessment of the structure and residency of two common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stocks from the main Hawaiian Islands. Previous photo-identification and genetic studies have shown that bottlenose dolphins in the main Hawaiian Islands - [A Gray Whale Sighting Off Hawai‘i Island: The First Record for the Central Tropical Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird_etal_2022psrg/) - [Whistle characteristics and daytime dive behavior of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in Hawaii](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whistle-characteristics-and-daytime-dive-behavior-pantropical-spotted-dolphins-0/) - The small size and fast movements of many small delphinids present challenges when studying their ecology, behavior, and communication. Yet their relative abundance and large group sizes often result in large overlaps with human activities (e.g., fishing, noise), the impacts of which are poorly understood. Pantropical spotted dolphins are globally distributed throughout the tropics, yet - [Whales and ship strikes, lessons from research and mitigation efforts on the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whales-and-ship-strikes-lessons-research-and-mitigation-efforts-us-west-coast/) - Ship strikes have been a concern for a number of species of large whales along the US West Coast and there has been new research examining aspects of this threat as well as measures to reduce the incidence. The incidence of ship strikes as a cause of whale mortality has increased in recent decades based - [Whale watch vessel ambient noise in the Haro Strait](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whale-watch-vessel-ambient-noise-haro-strait/) - This report provides a partial analysis of Haro Strait whale watching vessel noise data collected during fieldwork conducted May 28th to 31st, 2004 under contract to the NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center. The goal of this project was to measure representative calibrated noise levels of whale watching vessels and commercial shipping vessels operating in the Haro - [Vessel surveys for harbor porpoise off the Washington coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vessel-surveys-harbor-porpoise-washington-coast/) - [Winter distribution and abundance of bird populations of different-aged Douglas-fir forests in the southern Washington Cascades](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/winter-distribution-and-abundance-bird-populations-different-aged-douglas-fir-forests/) - [Whales of the World: New developments in whale research in the North Pacific and challenges whales face](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/whales-world-new-developments-whale-research-north-pacific-and-challenges-whales-face/) - [Who am I?: Detailed observations of a stranded Dall’s/harbor porpoise hybrid](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/who-am-i-detailed-observations-stranded-dallsharbor-porpoise-hybrid/) - [Visibility bias during aerial surveys of harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena in Oregon and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/visibility-bias-during-aerial-surveys-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-oregon-and/) - [Wanderings of a wayward whale: resightings of Humphrey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wanderings-wayward-whale-resightings-humphrey/) - [Worldwide population structure and mitochondrial DNA variation of humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/worldwide-population-structure-and-mitochondrial-dna-variation-humpback-whales/) - [Variations in the pupping season of harbor seals in Puget Sound and Hood Canal, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/variations-pupping-season-harbor-seals-puget-sound-and-hood-canal-washington/) - [Worldwide Phylogeography of the Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Described Using Mitogenomes and Nuclear Introns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/worldwide-phylogeography-rough-toothed-dolphin-steno-bredanensis-described-using/) - Rough-toothed dolphins have a worldwide circumtropical to warm-temperate distribution in open-ocean and slope waters. Despite this large geographic distribution, the global phylogeography and the divergence between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans has not been well described. Given their circumtropical distribution, continental landmasses have acted as barriers to dispersal. Therefore, we investigated the potential for ocean - [Utility of sighting and stranding data to document marine mammal occurrence: A case study in Puget Sound, Washington, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/utility-sighting-and-stranding-data-document-marine-mammal-occurrence-case-study-puget/) - Sighting and stranding data are often used to identify patterns in marine mammal occurrence. Here we evaluate the use of public sighting reports, systematic surveys (where available), and stranding data from 1995-2015 to test how well these reflect trends in nine cetacean species in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. In general we found good agreement in - [Wildbook: An Open Source Framework for Cetacean Mark-Recapture](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wildbook-open-source-framework-cetacean-mark-recapture/) - Individual ID mark-recapture studies are critical to our understanding of marine mammals, yet gathering, processing and identifying individuals in images remains exceptionally labor and cost intensive. We present Wildbook, a web-based, open source software framework for mark-recapture studies (www.wildme.org/wildbook). Wildbook is a complementary software application that provides a scalable and collaborative platform for mark-recapture data management, with a - [Updated abundance estimates of blue and humpback whales off the US West Coast incorporating photo-identifications from 2010 and 2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-abundance-estimates-blue-and-humpback-whales-us-west-coast-incorporating-photo/) - Cascadia Research has conducted photographic identification efforts for humpback and blue whales off the US West Coast since 1986 and these have served as the primary basis for examining the movement, population structure, abundance, and trends of these populations (Calambokidis et al. 1990, 2001, 2008, 2009, Calambokidis and Barlow 2004). Here we report updated abundance - [Updated Summary of Knowledge: Selected areas of the Pacific Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-summary-knowledge-selected-areas-pacific-coast/) - [Updated Summary of Knowledge: Selected areas of the Pacific Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-summary-knowledge-selected-areas-pacific-coast-0/) - [Use of the LIMPET medium-duration satellite tag to identify areas of elevated risk for sensitive populations: fin whales (Balaeanoptera physalus) in the Southern California Bight.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/use-limpet-medium-duration-satellite-tag-identify-areas-elevated-risk-sensitive/) - [Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2012](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-analysis-abundance-and-population-structure-seasonal-gray-whales-pacific/) - [Updated Evidence of Interactions Between False Killer Whales and Fisheries Around the Main Hawaiian Islands: Assessment of Mouthline and Dorsal Fin Injuries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdetal2017_fkw_psrg/) - [Using Satellite Tags To Study Spotted Dolphin Movements in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird2017_hawaiifishingnews/) - [Updated analysis of abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1996-2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/updated-analysis-abundance-and-population-structure-seasonal-gray-whales-pacific-1/) - We update the results of a 20-year (1996-2015) collaborative study examining the abundance and the population structure of these animals conducted over a number of regions from Northern California to British Columbia using photographic identification. Some 21235 identifications representing 1638 unique gray whales were obtained during 1996-2015 from Southern California to Kodiak, Alaska. Gray whales - [Trends in humpback and blue whales off the US West Coast and their relationship to ship strike mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-humpback-and-blue-whales-us-west-coast-and-their-relationship-ship-strike/) - [Unintended consequences of using dolphins to catch tuna: examining the extent and nature of hook and line fishery interactions with pantropical spotted dolphins off the island of Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/unintended-consequences-using-dolphins-catch-tuna-examining-extent-and-nature-hook-and/) - In Hawai'i fishermen use a variety of hook and line methods to catch tuna associated with pantropical spotted dolphins. In response to reports of dolphins being hooked in fisheries, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) proposed re-categorizing two fisheries ("charter vessel" and "trolling, rod and reel") in 2011 from Category III (those having a remote - [Trends, spatial distribution, and health effects of contaminants on Washington pinnipeds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-spatial-distribution-and-health-effects-contaminants-washington-pinnipeds/) - During the 4-year period of this grant, 321 stranded pinnipeds of six species were examined in Washington State by Cascadia Research sometimes in collaboration with WDFW. This exceeded both the intended period of response and the number of animals responded to. Samples were collected for analysis of long-term trends in contaminants in Puget Sound. These activities resulted in a - [Underwater behavior of blue whales examined with suction-cup attached tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underwater-behavior-blue-whales-examined-suction-cup-attached-tags/) - [Underwater Behavior of Blue Whales Using a Suction-cup Attached CRITTERCAM](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underwater-behavior-blue-whales-using-suction-cup-attached-crittercam/) - We deployed an instrument package developed by National Geographic (CRITTERCAM) on blue whales at three locations and time periods to examine their underwater behavior. Deployments were conducted in Monterey Bay, southern California Bight, and Sea of Cortez, Mexico. In total, 17 deployments were made, with 8 deployments and recoveries of 15 min to over 6 - [Underwater behavior of blue whales using a suction-cup attached CRITTERCAM](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underwater-behavior-blue-whales-using-suction-cup-attached-crittercam-0/) - [Toxic contaminants in Puget Sound wildlife](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/toxic-contaminants-puget-sound-wildlife/) - Studies on birds and marine mammals from around the world indicate that environmental contaminants have adversely affected wildlife. This is especially well documented for stable chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, such as DDT (and its major metabolite DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), that occur at higher concentrations at higher trophic levels. However, the role of contaminants in - [The Snowy Plover in southeastern Oregon and western Nevada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/snowy-plover-southeastern-oregon-and-western-nevada-0/) - In 1980, we searched for Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) in an area of 130,000 km 2 in southeastern Oregon and western Nevada. We found 2016 adult Snowy Plovers at 23 sites. Plovers were consistently associated with water and occurred on bare or sparsely vegetated alkaline substrates. We found 72 nests; nesting was documented at all - [Tropical cetaceans in southern Puget Sound: anomalous sightings and strandings in Washington State, 2010-2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tropical-cetaceans-southern-puget-sound-anomalous-sightings-and-strandings-washington/) - [The Wayward Ways of the White-Jawed Whale: Following fin whales (Balaenopteraphysalus) along the US West Coast with photo-identification and satellite telemetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/wayward-ways-white-jawed-whale-following-fin-whales-balaenopteraphysalus-along-us-west/) - [The Costa Rica Dome as a winter feeding and breeding areas for North Pacific blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/costa-rica-dome-winter-feeding-and-breeding-areas-north-pacific-blue-whales/) - [Underwater behavior and vocalizations of blue, fin, and humpback whales from attachments of acoustic recording tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/underwater-behavior-and-vocalizations-blue-fin-and-humpback-whales-attachments-acoustic/) - [The movements of North Pacific blue whales off southern California and their southern fall migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-north-pacific-blue-whales-southern-california-and-their-southern-fall/) - [Trends in contaminants as determined with harbor seal neonates in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-contaminants-determined-harbor-seal-neonates-puget-sound-washington/) - [The concentration and dynamics of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in harbor seals and their use in gaining biological information](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/concentration-and-dynamics-chlorinated-hydrocarbon-contaminants-harbor-seals-and-their/) - [The lives of Hawai‘i's dolphins and whales: natural history and conservation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lives-hawai-dolphins-and-whales-natural-history-and-conservation/) - [Turning left to stay right: A unique test of lateralization across the full range of three-dimensional foraging maneuvers in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/turning-left-stay-right-unique-test-lateralization-across-full-range-three-dimensional/) - Prey-capture tactics and their associated kinematic processes are reinforced through repetition, outcome, and prey capture success. Lateralized prey capture behaviors involving right-side dominant strategies, which utilize neurophysiological connections that increase stereotyped foraging behavior efficiency, are common across several animal taxa. However, most studies involve terrestrial animals feeding in a single plane and/or in laboratory conditions - [The road less taken: Why do a small number of gray whales demonstrate inter-annual fidelity to springtime feeding areas in northern Puget Sound?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/road-less-taken-why-do-small-number-gray-whales-demonstrate-inter-annual-fidelity/) - During the northbound migration, a small number of individually identified gray whales (n=14) divert from the migratory path to enter the Strait of Juan de Fuca, travelling >100 miles to northern Puget Sound (NPS), where they feed on dense patches of ghost shrimp. Efforts to photographically identify these whales began in 1990, and most of - [Update on the status of humpback and blue whales along the US West Coast including the Gulf of the Farallones](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/update-status-humpback-and-blue-whales-along-us-west-coast-including-gulf-farallones/) - [Update on abundance, trends, and migrations of humpback whales along the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/update-abundance-trends-and-migrations-humpback-whales-along-us-west-coast/) - We report on the abundance and trends of humpback whales along the US West Coast where photo-identification has been conducted since 1986. Abundance was estimated for two feeding areas: California-Oregon and Washington-S British Columbia. Abundance off California - Oregon increased steadily at about 7% per year from 1990 through the 2000s when it appeared to - [Trends in the Abundance of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific Ocean from 1980 to 2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-abundance-humpback-whales-north-pacific-ocean-1980-2006/) - We examine long terms trends in abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific overall and in specific regions based on data from SPLASH (a comprehensive collaborative study conducted 2004-06) and datasets from previous time periods incorporating several approaches to adjust for differences in sampling. The trends for the entire North Pacific Ocean were based - [Trends, Spatial Distribution, and Health Effects of Contaminants in Washington Harbor Seals from Stranded Animals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/trends-spatial-distribution-and-health-effects-contaminants-washington-harbor-seals/) - [Update COSEWIC status report on the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) in Canada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/update-cosewic-status-report-blue-whale-balaenoptera-musculus-canada/) - [The California Marine Mammal Research Program of the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate Experiment. Potential effects of low frequency sound on distribution and behavior of marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/california-marine-mammal-research-program-acoustic-thermometry-ocean-climate-experiment/) - [Summary of Tag Deployments on Cetaceans off Washington, May 2010 to May 2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/summary-tag-deployments-cetaceans-washington-may-2010-may-2013/) - The United States (U.S.) Navy (Navy) provided support for the purchase of satellite tags to be deployed opportunistically during other ongoing projects by Cascadia Research. This report summarizes the results of deployments within the Northwest Training Range Complex (NWTRC) conducted in conjunction with existing survey efforts off Washington and also includes results from additional deployments - [Stranding Evaluation of Southern Resident Killer Whale L-112 by the Northwest Marine Mammal Stranding Network](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/stranding-evaluation-southern-resident-killer-whale-l-112-northwest-marine-mammal/) - [Summary of collaborative photographic identification of gray whales from California to Alaska for 2007](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/summary-collaborative-photographic-identification-gray-whales-california-alaska-2007/) - [Summary of collaborative photographic identification of gray whales from California to Alaska for 2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/summary-collaborative-photographic-identification-gray-whales-california-alaska-2006/) - [Status of humpback whales and human impacts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-humpback-whales-and-human-impacts/) - This report summarizes overall SPLASH results completed through the end of 2006 as well as reporting on the human impact assessment funded by NFWF. SPLASH is an international collaborative research program on the abundances, population structure, and potential human impacts on humpback whales in the North Pacific involving more than 50 research groups and 300 - [Summary of collaborative photographic identification of gray whales from California to Alaska for 2004 and 2005](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/summary-collaborative-photographic-identification-gray-whales-california-alaska-2004/) - [Studies of beaked whale diving behavior and odontocete stock structure in Hawai'i in March/April 2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/studies-beaked-whale-diving-behavior-and-odontocete-stock-structure-hawaii-marchapril/) - Small-boat surveys were undertaken in March/April 2006 off the west side of the island of Hawai‘i for the purposes of obtaining dive data from Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) and Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) beaked whales, as well as collecting biopsy samples and photo identification of these and other species of odontocetes for studies of stock structure and - [Tagging feasibility and diving of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphiuscavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) in Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tagging-feasibility-and-diving-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphiuscavirostris-and-blainvilles/) - Detailed information on diving (sub-surface) behavior of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) is only available for one of the 21 recognized species. Information on diving behavior of additional species within the family Ziphiidae is needed to evaluate their susceptibility to impacts from anthropogenic sound (such as high-intensity sonars) and to develop correction factors for survey-based estimates - [Studies of odontocete population structure in Hawaiian waters: results of a survey through the main Hawaiian Islands in May and June 2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/studies-odontocete-population-structure-hawaiian-waters-results-survey-through-main/) - We undertook a survey of the main (windward) Hawaiian Islands during May and June 2003 to examine odontocete population structure. Our goals were: 1) to collect genetic samples to be used for examination of inter- and intra-Hawaiian population structure; 2) to collect photoidentification data to examine movements of individuals between islands and as a basis - [Temporal trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-trends-contaminants-puget-sound-harbor-seals/) - Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are the most abundant marine mammal species in Washington State and occur throughout the marine waters including Puget Sound (Osborne et al. 1988). Extremely high concentrations of some chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants, especially PCBs, were found in Puget Sound harbor seals in the 1970s and 1980s (Arndt 1973, Calambokidis et al. 1978, - [Status of marine mammals in the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Juan de Fuca Strait and potential human impacts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-marine-mammals-strait-georgia-puget-sound-and-juan-de-fuca-strait-and-potential/) - Nine species of marine mammals commonly occupy the transboundary waters of British Columbia and Washington (BC/WA). Individuals of all species move across this international border. Of the four pinniped species common to these waters, harbour seals are the most numerous and the only one that breeds in the transboundary area. Approximately 27,000 harbour seals occur - [Temporal changes in whale strandings and human interactions in Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-changes-whale-strandings-and-human-interactions-washington-state/) - [Temporal Patterns in Visual and Acoustic Detection Rates of Blue Whales in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-patterns-visual-and-acoustic-detection-rates-blue-whales-southern-california/) - [Temporal trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-trends-contaminants-puget-sound-harbor-seals-0/) - [Temporal trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-trends-contaminants-puget-sound-harbor-seals-1/) - [Status of marine mammals in the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Juan de Fuca Strait and potential human impacts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-marine-mammals-strait-georgia-puget-sound-and-juan-de-fuca-strait-and-0/) - [Status of Puget Sound harbor seals: trends in populations size and contaminant concentrations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-puget-sound-harbor-seals-trends-populations-size-and-contaminant-concentrations/) - [Status of Puget Sound harbor seals and the evidence for contaminant effects on marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-puget-sound-harbor-seals-and-evidence-contaminant-effects-marine-mammals/) - [Testing of two new automated fluke identification algorithms and comparison to non-automated methods for humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/testing-two-new-automated-fluke-identification-algorithms-and-comparison-non-automated/) - Photo-identification is a valuable tool in the study of many large whale species especially for long-term studies of abundance and trends. Management and matching of larger catalogs, however, becomes increasingly time-consuming. Numerous automated and semi-automated systems have been developed to accelerate this process, but while some have been partially effective, their success rates especially with - [Tagged fin whale call production, associated behavior, and response to anthropogenic sound in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/tagged-fin-whale-call-production-associated-behavior-and-response-anthropogenic-sound/) - For marine animals, acoustic communication is critical for many life functions, yet individual calling behavior is poorly understood for most large whale species. Until recently, identifying the calling individual in a group of socializing baleen whales, through either passive acoustic monitoring or acoustic tagging methods, has been challenging because of inadequate spatial resolution in localization, - [Studies of dolphins and whales on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility using photo-identification and satellite tagging: evidence for resident and non-resident species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/studies-dolphins-and-whales-and-around-pacific-missile-range-facility-using-photo/) - There are 18 species of odontocetes found around the main Hawaiian Islands, and 11 of these have resident, island-associated populations in the eastern main Hawaiian Islands (Baird 2016). Until recently, relatively little was known about the presence and residency status of most of these species in the western main Hawaiian Islands, in particular around Kaua‘i - [Strandings of large whales in Washington State and examination of contaminant accumulation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/strandings-large-whales-washington-state-and-examination-contaminant-accumulation/) - [Temporal trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/temporal-trends-contaminants-puget-sound-harbor-seals-2/) - [Spatial Use by Cuvier’s Beaked Whales, Short-finned Pilot Whales, Common Bottlenose Dolphins, and Short-beaked Common Dolphins Satellite Tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, in 2014](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-cuviers-beaked-whales-short-finned-pilot-whales-common-bottlenose-dolphins/) - The purpose of this report is to summarize information obtained through the remote deployment of Low-Impact Minimally-Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite tags on odontocete cetaceans off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, in 2014. This study was undertaken to provide information on spatial use and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes, with particular emphasis - [SPLASH: Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/splash-structure-populations-levels-abundance-and-status-humpback-whales-north-pacific/) - Humpback whales were hunted commercially in the North Pacific until 1966 and remain on the endangered species list at the time of this report. The degree to which they have recovered from whaling in the North Pacific is difficult to determine because of the lack of accurate abundance estimates for this wide-ranging species. New methods - [Sizes of whales determined from fluke photographs taken at known distances](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sizes-whales-determined-fluke-photographs-taken-known-distances/) - [Status and trends of humpback whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-and-trends-humpback-whales-north-pacific/) - [Status and trends in harbor seal stocks in Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/status-and-trends-harbor-seal-stocks-washington-state/) - [Size and age class of blue and humpback whales in a central California feeding area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/size-and-age-class-blue-and-humpback-whales-central-california-feeding-area/) - [Spatial Use by Odontocetes Satellite Tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in 2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-odontocetes-satellite-tagged-cape-hatteras-north-carolina-2015/) - In 2014 a study was initiated off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to examine the spatial use and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes, with particular emphasis on Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus). During the first year of that effort, remotely deployed Low-Impact MinimallyPercutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) - [Song of my people: Short-finned pilot whales in Hawai'i use vocal repertoire diversity to maintain social and genetic population structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/song-my-people-short-finned-pilot-whales-hawaii-use-vocal-repertoire-diversity-maintain/) - Social structure can increase genomic diversity and population structure within many marine and terrestrial species. In the marine environment, where long-distance vision is of limited value and there are few boundaries to dispersal, vocal repertoire may be an important mechanism to maintaining social structure. Short-finned pilot whales form stable social groups for periods of a - [Spatial overlap of short-finned pilot whales and pelagic longlines in the Mid-Atlantic Bight of the United States: Towards a spatiotemporal approach to reducing bycatch](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-overlap-short-finned-pilot-whales-and-pelagic-longlines-mid-atlantic-bight/) - Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) depredate pelagic longlines along the shelf break ecosystem of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). The mortality and serious injury of short-finned pilot whales in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery exceeds Potential Biological Removal levels, and mitigation techniques developed to date have been unsuccessful. We quantified overlap between pilot whales and longlines - [Sperm whale foraging behavior changes in response to anthropogenic sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sperm-whale-foraging-behavior-changes-response-anthropogenic-sound/) - Understanding cetacean behavioral reactions to anthropogenic sound is critical for designing appropriate management strategies to predict and mitigate adverse behavioural responses to noise. Foraging behavior is of particular interest, since energetic balance is closely linked to fitness and reproductive success. In order to quantify changes in sperm whale echolocation-based foraging behavior in response to sound, - [Spatial Use by Odontocetes Satellite Tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in 2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-odontocetes-satellite-tagged-cape-hatteras-north-carolina-2015-0/) - In 2014 a study was initiated off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to examine the spatial use and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes, with particular emphasis on Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus). During the first year of that effort, remotely deployed Low-Impact MinimallyPercutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) - [Spatial use by odontocetes satellite tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-odontocetes-satellite-tagged-cape-hatteras-north-carolina-2016/) - In 2014 a study was initiated off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to examine the spatial use and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes, with particular emphasis on Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus). During 2014 and 2015, remotely deployed Low-Impact Minimally Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite tags - [Should I Stay or Should I Go: Movement and Residency Patterns of Satellite Tagged Pilot Whales Offshore of Cape Hatteras, NC](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/should-i-stay-or-should-i-go-movement-and-residency-patterns-satellite-tagged-pilot/) - We deployed 20 Low-Impact Minimally-Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite-linked transmitters and dive recorders on short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) off Cape Hatteras, NC during the summer of 2014. Our objective was to obtain information on medium-term movement and diving patterns of individual animals to complement existing information on long-term residency patterns derived from photo-identification and - [Shorebird abundance at greater Puget Sound estuaries: Results from winter 1993-1994 aerial and ground-based counts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/shorebird-abundance-greater-puget-sound-estuaries-results-winter-1993-1994-aerial-and/) - [Simulation modeling of the effects of oil spills on population dynamics of northern fur seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/simulation-modeling-effects-oil-spills-population-dynamics-northern-fur-seals/) - Population dynamics and migration models were developed and combined with an oil-spill simulation model to determine the effects of oil spills on the Pribilof Island fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) population. In the population-dynamics model, mortality of pups on land and juveniles up to two years of age is density dependent, while that of older seals - [Shorebirds and falcons: Food chain pesticide dynamics in estuarine ecosystems](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/shorebirds-and-falcons-food-chain-pesticide-dynamics-estuarine-ecosystems/) - [Ship strikes of large whales off Washington State, USA: an analysis using stranding records from 1980-2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ship-strikes-large-whales-washington-state-usa-analysis-using-stranding-records-1980/) - [Sightings and strandings of gray whales in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-and-strandings-gray-whales-puget-sound-washington/) - [Sex ratio of blue whales off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sex-ratio-blue-whales-california/) - [Short-finned pilot whales exhibit two modes of foraging behavior along the East Coast of the United States](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/short-finned-pilot-whales-exhibit-two-modes-foraging-behavior-along-east-coast-united/) - Little is known about movement patterns and spatial use of pelagic cetaceans in the western North Atlantic. To improve our understanding of these parameters in short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), we deployed 48 satellite-linked tags off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida from 2014 to 2016. The tags transmitted up to 350 days (mean=70±57 SD) - [Sighting and environmental characteristics of humpback whale breeding habitat off Pacific Central America: comparison of Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sighting-and-environmental-characteristics-humpback-whale-breeding-habitat-pacific/) - Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) populations worldwide have been recovering from whaling, albeit at different rates. A recent global review of their population structure and conservation status under the USA Endangered Species Act led to the recognition of 14 Distinct Population Segments (DPS). In this study, we compare the sighting characteristics for two of these DPSs - [Sightings and follow-up of mothers and calves in the PCFG and implications for internal recruitment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-and-follow-mothers-and-calves-pcfg-and-implications-internal-recruitment/) - We document the occurrence of mothers and calves in the PCFG area over a more than 20-year period. Over the course of the study 62 moms were documented with 102 calves with a high proportion of these seen in recent years (11 to 18 per year in each of the last four years, 2012-15). This - [Sightings and reactions of marine mammals to a single airgun off southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sightings-and-reactions-marine-mammals-single-airgun-southern-california/) - [Risk assessment of vessel traffic on endangered blue and humpback whales in the Gulf of the Farallones and Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuaries: Summary of research results](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/risk-assessment-vessel-traffic-endangered-blue-and-humpback-whales-gulf-farallones-and/) - The identification of cetacean habitat use associated with major feeding areas for endangered blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) within areas of high ship densities has become of greater conservation importance in the San Francisco Bay area due to the three endangered whales that died from ship strike injuries during July, September and - [Reducing ship strikes to whales on the west coast of the US: Policy and management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/reducing-ship-strikes-whales-west-coast-us-policy-and-management/) - [Satellite telemetry results indicate an open-ocean population of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Hawaiian waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/satellite-telemetry-results-indicate-open-ocean-population-sperm-whales-physeter/) - At least 11 of the 18 species of odontocetes in Hawaiian waters have island-associated, resident populations. Sperm whales have been sighted throughout Hawaiian waters, including offshore areas, and around the northwestern and main Hawaiian Islands, and are primarily comprised of groups of females and juveniles. Around the main Hawaiian Islands, they make up less than - [Rough-toothed dolphins on a Navy range in Hawai'i: using LIMPET satellite-tag data to assess movements, habitat use, and overlap with Navy activities](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/rough-toothed-dolphins-navy-range-hawaii-using-limpet-satellite-tag-data-assess/) - Much of the U.S. Navy's training activities in Hawai'i occur on the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF), an area between the islands of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau. Surveys show that rough-toothed dolphins are the most frequently encountered and likely most abundant odontocete found on PMRF. Long-term photo-identification data indicate that individuals show considerable fidelity to Kaua'i - [Recovery of a sentinel species in the Salish Sea: documenting Washington harbor porpoise abundance through 20 years of aerial seabird surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/recovery-sentinel-species-salish-sea-documenting-washington-harbor-porpoise-abundance/) - Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are considered to be a sentinel species throughout much of their range due to their sensitivity to a number of anthropogenic threats, including pollution, interaction with fisheries, boat traffic and sound. They also depend on healthy stocks of forage fish and squid to maintain their population. Harbor porpoise were the most - [Results from the April 2009 Gulf of Alaska line-transect survey (GOALS) in the Navy training exercise area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/results-april-2009-gulf-alaska-line-transect-survey-goals-navy-training-exercise-area/) - Little is known about the present-day occurrence of cetaceans found in offshore waters in the Gulf of Alaska; however, whaling records and a few recent surveys have shown this area to be important habitat. The U.S. Navy maintains a maritime training area in the central Gulf of Alaska, east of Kodiak Island, and has requested - [Satellite tagging of fin whales off California and Washington in 2010 to identify movement patterns, habitat use, and possible stock boundaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/satellite-tagging-fin-whales-california-and-washington-2010-identify-movement-patterns/) - Though fin whales from the California/Oregon/Washington stock are listed as endangered under the ESA and ‘depleted’ under the MMPA, little is known about their movement patterns, habitat preferences, or stock structure within the region. A large number of fin whales were estimated to have been taken in the eastern north Pacific by whaling activities leading - [Research on large whales off California, Oregon, and Washington: Annual report for 2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-large-whales-california-oregon-and-washington-annual-report-2003/) - This report summarizes fieldwork conducted by Cascadia Research and collaborators in 2003 on humpback, blue, fin and gray whales off California, Oregon, and Washington and also summarizes work conducted under NMFS permit #540-1502-00 in 2003. Principal support for this research was from Southwest Fisheries Science Center to assess population size and trends (Contract # 50ABNF100065) - [Research on humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington in 2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-humpback-and-blue-whales-california-oregon-and-washington-2002/) - Cascadia Research continued a long-term research effort on humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington in 2002. The research had a number of components with the overall purpose to examine distribution, abundance, movements, and population dynamics of humpback and blue whales in the eastern North Pacific using photographic identification of individual animals. Also - [Research on humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington in 2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-humpback-and-blue-whales-california-oregon-and-washington-2001/) - Cascadia Research conducted research on humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington in 2001. The primary purpose of the research has been to examine distribution, abundance, movements, and population dynamics of humpback and blue whales in the eastern North Pacific using photographic identification of individual animals. Photographic identification was primarily conducted from - [Research on humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington in 2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-humpback-and-blue-whales-california-oregon-and-washington-2000/) - Surveys were conducted in 2000 to continue long-term research studies of humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington. Primary objectives of this work include examining the abundance and trends of these two species, movement and migration patterns, and reproduction and mortality rates. This research has also been conducted in association with studies on - [Research on humpback and blue whales in the Gulf of the Farallones and adjacent waters, 1989 and 1990](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-humpback-and-blue-whales-gulf-farallones-and-adjacent-waters-1989-and-1990/) - [Recommended guidelines for sampling marine mammal tissue for chemical analyses in Puget Sound and adjacent waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/recommended-guidelines-sampling-marine-mammal-tissue-chemical-analyses-puget-sound-and/) - Recommended guidelines for sampling and analyzing marine mammal tissue for chemical contaminants in Puget Sound are presented in this chapter. The guidelines are based on the results of a workshop sponsored by the Puget Sound Estuary Program (PSEP) and written reviews by representatives from most of the organizations that fund or conduct studies of marine mammals in the sound - [Research on blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Gulf of the Farallones, 1987](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-gulf-farallones-1987/) - [Research on blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Gulf of the Farallones, 1986](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-gulf-farallones-1986/) - [Response of Dtagged Cuvier’s beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris, to controlled exposure of sonar sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/response-dtagged-cuviers-beaked-whale-ziphius-cavirostris-controlled-exposure-sonar/) - [Satellite tracking Eastern Gulf of Alaska sperm whales: local movements around the shelf-edge contrast with rapid, long-distance migrations across stock boundaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/satellite-tracking-eastern-gulf-alaska-sperm-whales-local-movements-around-shelf-edge/) - [Review of Critical regional threats to marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/review-critical-regional-threats-marine-mammals/) - [Research on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Guatemala](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/research-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-guatemala/) - [Sarcocystosis due to Sarcocystis neurona in a stranded Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/sarcocystosis-due-sarcocystis-neurona-stranded-pacific-white-sided-dolphin/) - [Regional and temporal patterns of remora occurrence on blue whales in the eastern Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/regional-and-temporal-patterns-remora-occurrence-blue-whales-eastern-pacific-ocean/) - [Seasonal prevalence of cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis) bites on short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/seasonal-prevalence-cookiecutter-shark-isistius-brasiliensis-bites-short-finned-pilot/) - Cookiecutter sharks (Isistius spp.) are small pelagic squaloid sharks found throughout tropical and sub-tropical waters that are known to feed opportunistically on a range of prey including animals much larger than themselves. Short-finned pilot whales are resident to the island of Hawai‘i and are often observed with fresh and healed bites from these sharks. As - [Reproductive endocrine profiles in blue whales from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/reproductive-endocrine-profiles-blue-whales-eastern-north-pacific-ocean/) - The goal of this project is to define progesterone profiles for different reproductive states in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) from the Eastern North Pacific and determine how samples stored in different ways alter these levels. While extensive work has been conducted using photo-identification and tagging to estimate population abundance and movements, physiological parameters regarding reproduction are fundamental - [Resighting patterns and behavior of humpback whales sighted in a tropical breeding ground off Guatemala](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/resighting-patterns-and-behavior-humpback-whales-sighted-tropical-breeding-ground/) - Humpback whales use the waters off the Pacific coast of Central America as a breeding ground, a distinctive population segment classified as endangered. However, their resighting and behavioral patterns there are not well understood. We examined their behavior and resighting patterns off Guatemala, and compared their sighting history in neighboring breeding grounds and feeding grounds - [Return of harbor porpoise to Washington State's Puget Sound as documented through 20 years of aerial seabird surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/return-harbor-porpoise-washington-states-puget-sound-documented-through-20-years-aerial/) - Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) habitation of coastal waters exposes them to frequent interactions with fisheries, pollution, boat traffic and other anthropogenic threats. Many harbor porpoise populations throughout their range are in decline, while others show signs of recovery, with animals commonly sighted in some formerly abandoned portions of their range. Harbor porpoise were the most - [Review of the Status of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific and Recent Changes in Distribution and Entanglements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/review-status-humpback-whales-north-pacific-and-recent-changes-distribution-and/) - [Photo-identification of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) along the US west coast, Baja California, and Canada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photo-identification-fin-whales-balaenoptera-physalus-along-us-west-coast-baja/) - The fin whale (Balaeanoptera physalus) is a large baleen whale with a broad geographic distribution. Fin whales were subjected to commercial whaling until the mid-twentieth century and were severely depleted throughout their range by the time they received protection in the late 1970’s (Mizroch et al. 1984). While there is evidence that many populations are - [Photographic identification of humpback and blue whales off the US West Coast: Results and updated abundance estimates from 2008 field season](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photographic-identification-humpback-and-blue-whales-us-west-coast-results-and-updated/) - Photographic identification of humpback and blue whales was conducted along the US West Coast in 2008 for the primary purposes of generating updated abundance estimates of both species using mark-recapture. We conducted 66 days of dedicated and opportunistic photo identification surveys off California, Oregon, and Washington primarily between June and November 2008. Additional photographic identifications were obtained by collaborating researchers and - [Population estimates of humpback and blue whales made through photo-identification from 1993 surveys off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-estimates-humpback-and-blue-whales-made-through-photo-identification-1993/) - This report summarizes the photographic identification research conducted in 1993 both from the SWFC (PODS) cruises and those conducted during coastal surveys and provides new abundance estimates and information on whale movements. A total of 128 blue whales and 247 humpback whales were individually identified during the coastal and SWFC survey effort in 1993. Abundances - [Photographic identification and abundance estimates of humpback and blue whales off California in 1991-92](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photographic-identification-and-abundance-estimates-humpback-and-blue-whales-california/) - This report summarizes a two year study completed under contract No. 52 ABNF100137 from Southwest Fisheries Center (SWFC). The primary purpose of the study was to develop abundance estimates using identified individual blue and humpback whales feeding off California and to examine their stock structure. Fifty-one dedicated vessel surveys were conducted between 16 July and - [Photographic identification and abundance estimates of humpback and blue whales off California in 1991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photographic-identification-and-abundance-estimates-humpback-and-blue-whales-0/) - [Physical and behavioral characteristics and genetic confirmation of live hybrid blue-fin whales in the eastern North Pacific.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/physical-and-behavioral-characteristics-and-genetic-confirmation-live-hybrid-blue-fin/) - [Post mortem findings of juvenile stranded grey whales (Escherichtius robustus) in the northeastern Pacific, April to May, 2005](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/post-mortem-findings-juvenile-stranded-grey-whales-escherichtius-robustus-northeastern/) - [Population identity of blue whales on the Costa Rica Dome](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-identity-blue-whales-costa-rica-dome/) - [Prey of humpback and blue whales off California based on identification of hard parts in feces](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/prey-humpback-and-blue-whales-california-based-identification-hard-parts-feces/) - [Photo-identifications of killer whales off California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photo-identifications-killer-whales-california/) - [Population size, movements, and behavior of blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, in central California, as discerned through photo-identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-size-movements-and-behavior-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-central/) - [Photo-identification of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Gulf of the Farallones, California, with an analysis of potential sources of sample bias](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photo-identification-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-gulf-farallones-california/) - [Puget Sound Glaucous-winged Gull: biology and contaminants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/puget-sound-glaucous-winged-gull-biology-and-contaminants/) - [Photo-identification matches of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between Mexico and central California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photo-identification-matches-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-between-mexico-and/) - [Population status, reproduction and mortality of Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/population-status-reproduction-and-mortality-puget-sound-harbor-seals/) - [Photogrammetry techniques applied to marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photogrammetry-techniques-applied-marine-mammals/) - [Quantitative examination of long-term impact of implant tagging on survival of gray and blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/quantitative-examination-long-term-impact-implant-tagging-survival-gray-and-blue-whales/) - Deployment of tags on whales using approaches that either embed or anchor the tag into the blubber and muscle layer have been commonly used for many decades. Follow up studies on the potential impact of these tags have relied mostly on limited or short term observations of tagged animals. We conducted a quantitative assessment of - [Quantitative assessment of wound healing based on long-term follow up of tagged gray and blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/quantitative-assessment-wound-healing-based-long-term-follow-tagged-gray-and-blue/) - Despite extensive use of implant tags for more than 30 years in large whales, long-term consequences have generally only been examined on short-term, anecdotal basis or in generalized terms. We evaluated the physical condition of the tag site and healing characteristics in 35 gray whale tagging events from 2009 to 2013 and 83 blue whale - [Predictive Mapping of Seabirds, Pinnipeds and Cetaceans off the Pacific Coast of Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/predictive-mapping-seabirds-pinnipeds-and-cetaceans-pacific-coast-washington/) - This report presents long-term seasonal distribution maps of selected seabird, pinniped and cetacean species off the Pacific Coast of Washington. The maps were created to support state-led marine spatial planning and responsible stewardship of natural resources by the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. They are intended to distinguish persistent areas of high relative density from - [Range and movements of seasonal resident gray whales from California to southeast Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/range-and-movements-seasonal-resident-gray-whales-california-southeast-alaska/) - [Photographic identification of blue and fin whales conducted to test the impacts of the LFA sound source](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/photographic-identification-blue-and-fin-whales-conducted-test-impacts-lfa-sound-source/) - [Ramifications of an extended foraging event by eleven transient killer whales on a population of harbor seals in Hood Canal, Washington, USA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/ramifications-extended-foraging-event-eleven-transient-killer-whales-population-harbor/) - [PCBs and PBDEs in Salish Sea harbour seals from 1984 to 2014: notable improvements following regulatory changes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pcbs-and-pbdes-salish-sea-harbour-seals-1984-2014-notable-improvements-following/) - As high trophic level, non-migratory marine mammals, harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) inhabiting the Salish Sea provide an integrated signal of localized food web contamination. Blubber biopsies from harbour seal pups were collected at four sites in the Salish Sea (Hornby Island and Burrard Inlet in Canada; Smith Island and Gertrude Island in the USA) and - [Peregrine falcon monitoring and evaluation of potential habitat in Olympic National Forest and vicinity, with notes on the occurrence of other raptors](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/peregrine-falcon-monitoring-and-evaluation-potential-habitat-olympic-national-forest/) - [Pathology of marine mammals stranded in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1999-2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pathology-marine-mammals-stranded-northeastern-pacific-ocean-1999-2006/) - [Organochlorine contamination in shorebirds: The significance for wintering and spring migrant falcons in western Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/organochlorine-contamination-shorebirds-significance-wintering-and-spring-migrant/) - [PCB and DDE in harbor seals and fish from Washington State waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pcb-and-dde-harbor-seals-and-fish-washington-state-waters/) - [PCBs at the Top of the Food Chain: Geographical Variation in British Columbia and Washington Harbor Seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/pcbs-top-food-chain-geographical-variation-british-columbia-and-washington-harbor-seals/) - [Movements and spatial use of odontocetes in the western main Hawaiian Islands: results of a three-year study off O‘ahu and Kaua‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-and-spatial-use-odontocetes-western-main-hawaiian-islands-results-three-year/) - A long-term assessment of odontocete populations throughout the main Hawaiian Islands has involved small-boat surveys using photo-identification, genetic sampling and satellite tagging, to address questions related to population structure and habitat use, among others. Prior to 2010 we had undertaken limited field operations off O‘ahu (in 2002 and 2003), and off of Kaua‘i (in 2003, - [Mouthline injuries as an indicator of fisheries interactions for false killer whales and pygmy killer whales in Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mouthline-injuries-indicator-fisheries-interactions-false-killer-whales-and-pygmy/) - Evidence from strandings and anecdotal reports indicate that a number of odontocete species interact with near-shore fisheries in Hawai'i. In the absence of observer programs in these fisheries, we evaluated mouthline injuries from known resident populations of false killer whales and pygmy killer whales, to assess the viability of this method to document injuries associated - [Nuclear SNPs reveal link between social and genetic structure in Hawaiian short-finned pilot whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nuclear-snps-reveal-link-between-social-and-genetic-structure-hawaiian-short-finned/) - Social structure and its effects on gene flow have been suggested as drivers of population structure among sympatric or parapatric groups of several highly social odontocete species. Short-finned pilot whales are another highly social species in which population structure may be driven by social structure. Long-term research in Hawai'i indicates that this species forms social - [Neonatal Growth and Behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/neonatal-growth-and-behavior/) - [New research reveals more complex role of gray whales in the Pacific Northwest including the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/new-research-reveals-more-complex-role-gray-whales-pacific-northwest-including-salish/) - Most eastern North Pacific gray whales migrate seasonally from breeding areas in Mexico to primary feeding areas in the Arctic but recent research has revealed a more complex and extensive use of the Salish Sea and surrounding waters. The Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) represents about 150 gray whales that feed in spring through fall - [Movements and spatial use of false killer whales in Hawai‘i: satellite tagging studies in 2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-and-spatial-use-false-killer-whales-hawaii-satellite-tagging-studies-2009/) - Movements and spatial use of Hawaiian insular false killer whales was examined using data from nine individuals satellite-tagged in 2009; five tagged off the island of O‘ahu in October and four tagged off the island of Hawai‘i in December. A total of 3,782 locations were available after filtering, over periods up to 104.8 days (median = 70.7 days), - [Movements and habitat use of Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales in Hawai‘i: results from satellite tagging in 2009/2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-and-habitat-use-cuviers-and-blainvilles-beaked-whales-hawaii-results/) - To assess movements and habitat use of beaked whales in Hawai‘i, satellite tags were remotely-deployed on two adult female Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and one adult female Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) between October 2009 and April 2010. All three individuals were photo-identified, but only one (a Cuvier’s) had been previously documented off the island and was known - [Movements of Cuvier’s beaked whales in a region of frequent naval activity: Insights from sighting, photo-identification, and satellite tag data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-cuviers-beaked-whales-region-frequent-naval-activity-insights-sighting-photo/) - [Noise Impact from Large Commercial Vessels on Blue Whales (Balaenoptera musculus): Communication Ranges and Sound Exposure Levels in the Santa Barbara Channel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/noise-impact-large-commercial-vessels-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-communication/) - [New insights on migrations and movements of North Pacific humpback whales from the SPLASH project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/new-insights-migrations-and-movements-north-pacific-humpback-whales-splash-project/) - [Multispecies outbreak of Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus gatti) in stranded harbor, Dall’s porpoises and a Pacific white sided dolphin in the northeastern Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/multispecies-outbreak-cryptococcosis-cryptococcus-gatti-stranded-harbor-dalls/) - [Movement and stock structure of blue whales in the eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-and-stock-structure-blue-whales-eastern-north-pacific/) - [Observations of a suburban population of harbor seals in Eld Inlet, Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/observations-suburban-population-harbor-seals-eld-inlet-puget-sound/) - [Movement of a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) between the Costa Rica Dome and the Galapagos: Management implications of the first documented cross-equatorial movement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movement-blue-whale-balaenoptera-musculus-between-costa-rica-dome-and-galapagos/) - The Costa Rica Dome (CRD) has been documented as one of the more productive regions in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and is recognized as an important area for blue whales year-round, including Eastern North Pacific (ENP) whales in winter. Year-round presence of blue whales on the CRD has lead to speculation that the region - [New tags provide information useful for conservation and relate with anthropogenic stranding factors such as ship strikes and entanglements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/new-tags-provide-information-useful-conservation-and-relate-anthropogenic-stranding/) - [Odontocete studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in February 2016: satellite-tagging, photo-identification, and passive acoustic monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/odontocete-studies-pacific-missile-range-facility-february-2016-satellite-tagging-0/) - As part of a long-term U.S. Navy-funded marine mammal monitoring program, in February 2016 a combining boat-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). The U.S. Navy funded five days of small-boat effort and the National Marine Fisheries Service funded an additional two days - [Measuring Cetacean Reponses to Military Sonar: Behavioral Response Studies in southern California (SOCAL-BRS)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/measuring-cetacean-reponses-military-sonar-behavioral-response-studies-southern/) - [Melon-headed whales in the Hawaiian archipelago: an assessment of population structure and long-term site fidelity based on photo-identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/melon-headed-whales-hawaiian-archipelago-assessment-population-structure-and-long-term/) - We assess the potential for population structure of melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) around the main Hawaiian Islands based on photo-identification data from 2002 through 2010, to help inform genetic analyses of population structure and interpretation of data obtained from satellite tags. In addition, we compare photographs obtained from 1986-1996 to more recent photos to assess long-term site fidelity, and - [Marine mammal observations and mitigation associated with USGS seismic-reflection surveys in the Santa Barbara Channel 2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-observations-and-mitigation-associated-usgs-seismic-reflection-surveys/) - From 14 to 28 June 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted seismic-reflection surveys in the Santa Barbara Channel area off of southern California. As a part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS to monitor marine mammals from the survey platform and provide mitigation on impacts on marine mammals by requesting shutdown - [Marine Mammal observations associated with seismic surveys off Washington and British Columbia in May 2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-observations-associated-seismic-surveys-washington-and-british-columbia/) - In May 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey and Geological Survey of Canada conducted seismic surveys in the coastal waters of northern Washington and southern British Columbia. As a part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS and GSC to monitor marine mammals from the survey platform J. P. Tully, and provide mitigation - [Marine mammal observations and mitigation associated with USGS seismic surveys in the southern California Bight in 1999](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-observations-and-mitigation-associated-usgs-seismic-surveys-southern/) - From 6 to 17 June 1999 (4 to 5 June were transit days), the U.S. Geological Survey conducted seismic-reflection surveys in the coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean, between Los Angeles and San Diego, to investigate earthquake hazards. As a part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS to monitor marine mammals - [Marine mammal research and mitigation in conjunction with air gun operation for the USGS “SHIPS” seismic surveys in 1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-research-and-mitigation-conjunction-air-gun-operation-usgs-ships/) - In March 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with a number of other government and academic institutions, conducted seismic surveys in the greater Puget Sound area to investigate earthquake hazards. The project was named SHIPS (Seismic Hazards Investigations in Puget Sound) and was conducted from 10 to 24 March 1998. The surveys consisted of - [Marine mammal observations and mitigations associated with USGS seismic surveys in the southern California Bight in 1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-observations-and-mitigations-associated-usgs-seismic-surveys-southern/) - From 9 to 22 August 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted seismic surveys in the Pacific Ocean just off Los Angeles to investigate earthquake hazards. Details on the purposes and specifications of the equipment used are described below. As a part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS to monitor marine mammals - [Monitoring of harbor seals at Dosewallips Delta September 1992 to July 1993](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/monitoring-harbor-seals-dosewallips-delta-september-1992-july-1993/) - [Monitoring of gray whales in Puget Sound and surrounding waters, 1992](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/monitoring-gray-whales-puget-sound-and-surrounding-waters-1992/) - [Monitoring of harbor seals at Dosewallips Delta and their reaction to slough barriers August 1991 to July 1992](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/monitoring-harbor-seals-dosewallips-delta-and-their-reaction-slough-barriers-august/) - [Monitoring of harbor seals at Dosewallips State Park, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/monitoring-harbor-seals-dosewallips-state-park-washington/) - [Marine Mammals in the Southwestern Strait of Juan de Fuca: Natural History and Potential Impacts of Harbor Development in Neah Bay](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammals-southwestern-strait-juan-de-fuca-natural-history-and-potential-impacts/) - A one year study of marine mammals between Tatoosh Island and Pillar Point on the southwestern portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was conducted by Cascadia Research under contract to the Army Corps of Engineers. The goal of the project was to determine the occurrence of marine mammals in the area and evaluate - [Marked increase in harbor porpoise mortality in the Pacific Northwest, 2006-2007](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marked-increase-harbor-porpoise-mortality-pacific-northwest-2006-2007/) - [Management implications of a distinct feeding aggregation of gray whales in the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/management-implications-distinct-feeding-aggregation-gray-whales-pacific-northwest/) - [Marine mammal research program for the Pioneer Seamount ATOC experiment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-research-program-pioneer-seamount-atoc-experiment/) - Aerial surveys and satellite and archival tags were used to test the effect of the ATOC sound source on marine mammals around the Pioneer Seamount 85 km west of San Francisco, California. Control surveys were flown at least 48 h after the end of any previous transmission cycle and experimental surveys were flown after at least 24 h of sound transmissions. Sound transmissions consisted of 20‐min - [Migration patterns of blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migration-patterns-blue-whales/) - [Marine mammal surveys off central California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-surveys-central-california/) - [Marine mammal observations and mitigation associated with USGS seismic surveys in the southern California Bight in 2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-observations-and-mitigation-associated-usgs-seismic-surveys-southern-0/) - From 4 to 17 June 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted seismic surveys in the coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean, between Los Angeles and San Diego, to investigate earthquake hazards. As a part of this project, Cascadia Research was contracted by the USGS to monitor marine mammals from the survey platform and provide mitigation - [Longline fishery interactions and resource selection of satellite-tagged pelagic false killer whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/longline-fishery-interactions-and-resource-selection-satellite-tagged-pelagic-false/) - Pelagic false killer whales (PFKW) are killed or seriously injured in the Hawai‘i-based deep-set longline fishery more than any other cetacean population, with bycatch regularly exceeding allowable levels. Knowledge of the movements and habitat use of this population is limited, but could inform efforts to mitigate bycatch. We use satellite tag data from five PFKW from three groups to assess longline fishery interactions and resource - [Medium-duration archival tags provide unique insights into baleen whale behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/medium-duration-archival-tags-provide-unique-insights-baleen-whale-behavior/) - The development of short-term high-resolution movement and acoustic archival tags has enabled a greater understanding of baleen whale dive and feeding behavior. Recent advances in battery life, data storage, and concomitant increases in sampling rate capabilities have driven interest in developing high-resolution archival tags for multi-day deployments. Using modified time-depth recorder tags (Wildlife Computers), new - [Migratory destinations of humpback whales that feed along the US West Coast: Implications for management under the newly recognized Distinct Population Segments](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migratory-destinations-humpback-whales-feed-along-us-west-coast-implications-management/) - The status of humpback whale populations under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) was changed recently to remove the species-level listing of endangered and recognize 14 Distinct Population Segments (DPS), each with a distinct ESA status. For the four DPSs in the North Pacific, one (Hawaii) was not listed, one (Mexico) was listed as threatened, - [Marine mammal monitoring in the Southwest Pacific State of Guerrero, Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/marine-mammal-monitoring-southwest-pacific-state-guerrero-mexico/) - Marine mammal diversity, abundance and habitat use data are lacking in the southwestern Pacific state of Guerrero, Mexico. Aggressive behavior from fishing and tourist boats toward marine mammals, exacerbated by the absence of monitoring and enforcement underlies the need for a better understanding of species present. Our intended five-year study aims to document presence/absence of - [Migratory destinations of North Pacific humpback whales from Guerrero state in Southwest Mexico reveal extension of Central American breeding grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/migratory-destinations-north-pacific-humpback-whales-guerrero-state-southwest-mexico/) - Humpback whales in the North Pacific are known to winter in low latitude areas off Asia, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America. Most of the research off Mexico has focused on the offshore Revillagigedos and mainland Mexico from Mazatlán to Puerto Vallarta, with little work conducted off the coast of central or southern Mexico. Here we - [Maternal fidelity, paternal identity, and gametic exchange in North Pacific humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/maternal-fidelity-paternal-identity-and-gametic-exchange-north-pacific-humpback-whales/) - [Long terms patterns in strandings and human-caused mortality in gray whales and other large cetaceans in Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/long-terms-patterns-strandings-and-human-caused-mortality-gray-whales-and-other-large/) - [Life on the edge: Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) target shelf break waters in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/life-edge-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus-target-shelf-break/) - Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) interact with pelagic longlines by depredating bait and catch and becoming hooked or entangled in gear. Serious injury and mortality of short-finned pilot whales in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery will likely exceed the Potential Biological Removal level for the U.S. Western North Atlantic stock in 2015. However, detailed information - [Land-based calibrations of harbor porpoise sightings from a vessel along the northern Washington coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/land-based-calibrations-harbor-porpoise-sightings-vessel-along-northern-washington/) - [Long range movement of blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, between central California, USA, and the Sea of Cortez, Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/long-range-movement-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus-between-central-california-usa/) - [Living in a whale’s boundary layer: Swimming hydrodynamics of large vertebrates generate a low-drag ecological niche for commensal marine organisms](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/living-whales-boundary-layer-swimming-hydrodynamics-large-vertebrates-generate-low/) - As a large animal swims, water is accelerated around the body and produces drag as a resistive force to locomotion. The physics of fluid flow also generate a boundary layer (BL) around the animal that consists of zero-velocity flow directly at body surface and a gradient of flows with increasing velocity away from body. The - [Large ships as an observation platform for whale sightings and for informing dynamic management areas: a successful test case from the US West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/large-ships-observation-platform-whale-sightings-and-informing-dynamic-management-areas/) - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica and surrounding waters, 1996-2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-and-surrounding-waters-1996-2003/) - Since 1996, Cascadia Research has been conducting research on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and surrounding areas of Central America. In February 2003, we continued this research for the eighth field season in collaboration with the Oceanic Society and with Elderhostel volunteer support. This report summarizes the - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica and surrounding waters, 1996-2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-and-surrounding-waters-1996-2002/) - Since 1996, Cascadia Research has been conducting research on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and surrounding areas of Central America. The principal objectives are to examine aspects of humpback whale use of Central America including, the number, habitat preference, timing, behavior and migrations of humpback whales as - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica and surrounding waters, 1996-2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-and-surrounding-waters-1996-2001/) - Since 1996, Cascadia Research has been conducting research on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and surrounding areas of Central America. In January and February 2001, we continued this research for the sixth field season in collaboration with the Oceanic Society and with Elderhostel volunteer support. This report - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica, 1996-2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-1996-2000/) - Cascadia Research in collaboration with Oceanic Society has conducted a long-term research effort on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica starting in 1996. In January and February 2000, we continued this research with Elderhostel volunteer support and completed our fifth season of effort. This report summarizes the research - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica, 1996-2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-1996-2000-0/) - Cascadia Research in collaboration with Oceanic Society has conducted a long-term research effort on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica starting in 1996. In January and February 2000, we continued this research with Elderhostel volunteer support and completed our fifth season of effort. This report summarizes the research - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica, 1996-99](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-1996-99/) - Cascadia Research in collaboration with Oceanic Society has conducted a long-term research effort on humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. In January and February 1999, we continued this research with Elderhostel volunteer support. For the first time in 1999, we also conducted a separate research cruise sponsored by - [Humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica, 1996-98](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-costa-rica-1996-98/) - This report summarizes research conducted on humpback whales and other marine mammals off Costa Rica in 1998 and also compares these findings with those from the two previous years of this research. Until these studies began in 1996, little information was available on humpback whales and other marine mammals that inhabit the waters off the - [Killer whale rake mark scarring on humpback whale flukes: a demographic and temporal analysis of the California-Oregon-Washington feeding aggregation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/killer-whale-rake-mark-scarring-humpback-whale-flukes-demographic-and-temporal-analysis/) - [Inter-island movements and re-sightings of melon-headed whales within the Hawaiian archipelago](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/inter-island-movements-and-re-sightings-melon-headed-whales-within-hawaiian-archipelago/) - [Intra-population variability in migratory destinations: geographic and temporal trends in movements of humpback whales between the US west coast and eastern North Pacific breeding areas, 1986 to 2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/intra-population-variability-migratory-destinations-geographic-and-temporal-trends/) - [Humpback whales in the Puget Sound/Georgia Strait Region.Proceedings of the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, 29-31 March 2005, Seattle, WA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whales-puget-soundgeorgia-strait-regionproceedings-2005-puget-sound-georgia/) - The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a moderately large baleen whale that is found in all major ocean basins of the world (Clapham and Mead 1999). Humpbacks typically spend summer months feeding in productive, high-latitude waters then migrate to low-latitude breeding areas in winter, where they mate and give birth (Chittleborough 1958). In the North - [Insights in underwater behavior of blue and fin whales from attachments of acoustic recording tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-underwater-behavior-blue-and-fin-whales-attachments-acoustic-recording-tags/) - [Immunochemical characterization of cytochrome P450 in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/immunochemical-characterization-cytochrome-p450-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina/) - [Intra and inter-species interactions among humpback whales in Monterey Bay: Competition and not just cooperation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/intra-and-inter-species-interactions-among-humpback-whales-monterey-bay-competition-and/) - Animal-borne video tags have been successfully used to observe the feeding behavior of free-ranging animals. While previous use of these data has focused on the tagged animal, this study examines observations of intra and inter-specific interactions that provide insights into the roles of competition and coordination in the foraging efficiency of top predators. Humpback whales - [Insights into the underwater behavior, species interactions, and biomechanics of baleen whales using integrated video and inertial sensors](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-underwater-behavior-species-interactions-and-biomechanics-baleen-whales-using/) - Bio-logging approaches to study the biology of free-ranging animals often focus on audio, movement, or video, but rarely are these different data streams integrated. Here we custom engineered a tag to measure the fine-scale kinematics of cetaceans while simultaneously recording animal-borne video from dual cameras. The movement sensors included a pressure transducer, tri-axial inertial sensors - [Insights into recruitment in the Pacific Coast Feeding Group of gray whales based on resightings of mothers and their calves](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-recruitment-pacific-coast-feeding-group-gray-whales-based-resightings-mothers/) - The majority of eastern North Pacific gray whales feed in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas. Photo-ID and genetics have shown that a subset of this population, the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG), is a somewhat distinct group of about 200 individuals known to feed through the summer and fall from N California to SE - [Insights into blue and humpback whale movements and diving behavior from archival tag deployments in relation to ship-strike risk in the Gulf of the Farallones](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/insights-blue-and-humpback-whale-movements-and-diving-behavior-archival-tag-deployments/) - [Injury from PCBs and DDTs to marine mammals in the Southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/injury-pcbs-and-ddts-marine-mammals-southern-california-bight/) - [Integral Curvature Representation and Matching Algorithms for Identification of Dolphins and Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/integral-curvature-representation-and-matching-algorithms-identification-dolphins-and-0/) - [Hawai‘i’s other cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hawaiis-other-cetaceans/) - [Humpback and blue whale photographic identification research off California, Oregon, and Washington in 1999](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-blue-whale-photographic-identification-research-california-oregon-and/) - Surveys were conducted in 1999 to continue long-term research studies of humpback and blue whales off California, Oregon, and Washington. Primary objectives of this work have included examining the abundance of these two species, trends in population size, movement and migration patterns, and reproduction and mortality rates. In 1999 several other objectives were undertaken including - [Humpback and blue whale photographic identification research off California, Oregon, and Washington in 1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-blue-whale-photographic-identification-research-california-oregon-and-0/) - This report provides an update on the results of humpback and blue whale research based on the field work conducted in 1998. It summarizes the photo-identification results and examines distribution, abundance and population trends, and reproduction and mortality for humpback and blue whales. Surveys were conducted by Cascadia Research and a number of collaborators as - [Humpback and blue whale photographic identification: Report of research in 1997](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-blue-whale-photographic-identification-report-research-1997/) - Intensive research of humpback and blue whales off California using photographic identification has been conducted annually since 1986 with the primary objectives of examining population size and trends, reproductive rates, and movements of animals. The focus of the 1997 research was to gather data to achieve these overall objectives as well as to address other - [Humpback and blue whale photographic identification: Report of research in 1996](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-blue-whale-photographic-identification-report-research-1996/) - This report summarizes the research effort and methods used in 1996 and the preliminary findings from this research including the number of individual whales identified, resightings, and movements of some of these animals. While data obtained in 1996 will also be incorporated into the longer term objectives of the research effort, these overall findings will - [Humpback and blue whale photographic identification: Report of research in 1995](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-blue-whale-photographic-identification-report-research-1995/) - This report summarizes research on humpback and blue whales along the west coast of the United States conducted by Cascadia Research in 1995. This research is part of a long term research effort designed to examine the distribution, population size, movements, migration patterns, and other aspects of the biology of these species. Research in 1995 - [Harbor porpoise distribution and abundance off Oregon and Washington from aerial surveys in 1991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-porpoise-distribution-and-abundance-oregon-and-washington-aerial-surveys-1991/) - Aerial surveys were conducted off Oregon and Washington in the summer of 1991 to help determine the current abundance of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in these waters. Effort in 1991 was increased from that in previous years' surveys to reduce the coefficient of variation around the estimated abundance and to cover regions that had not been - [Harbor porpoise distribution and abundance estimates off Washington from aerial surveys in 1990](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-porpoise-distribution-and-abundance-estimates-washington-aerial-surveys-1990/) - [Harbor seal haul-out habitat and the feasibility of shifting haul-out locations at Dosewallips State Park, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-haul-out-habitat-and-feasibility-shifting-haul-out-locations-dosewallips/) - High fecal coliform concentrations that have been found at the Dosewallips River delta on the Hood Canal appear to originate from harbor seals that use the sloughs and marsh on the southern portion of the delta to haul out (Calambokidis et al. 1989, Calambokidis and McLaughlin 1988, DSHS 1988). In other areas in Puget Sound, harbor seals - [Harbor porpoise studies in the Gulf of the Farallones](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-porpoise-studies-gulf-farallones/) - We report on research to examine the distribution, abundance, reproduction, mortality, and pollutant levels in harbor porpoise (phocena phocena) in the Gulf of the Farallones. High mortality of this species in recent years and their elimination from other portions of their range has raised concerns about their status and vulnerability. Vessel surveys were conducted for - [Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) distribution and abundance in the Gulf of the Farallones, 1987](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-megaptera-novaeangliae-distribution-and-abundance-gulf-farallones-1987/) - [Harbor seal populations and their contributions to fecal coliform pollution in Quilcene Bay, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-populations-and-their-contributions-fecal-coliform-pollution-quilcene-bay/) - High fecal coliform concentrations in the northern part of Quilcene Bay have recently been reported and have resulted in the decertification of this area for commercial shellfish growing. The bay also supports a growing population of harbor seals. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential contribution of harbor seals to the fecal coliform pollution - [Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) distribution and abundance in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-megaptera-novaeangliae-distribution-and-abundance-gulf-farallones/) - [Humpback whale abundance in the North Pacific estimated by photographic capture-recapture with bias correction from simulation studies](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-abundance-north-pacific-estimated-photographic-capture-recapture-bias-0/) - We estimated the abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific by capture-recapture methods using over 18,000 fluke identification photographs collected in 2004–2006. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,808 (CV = 0.04). We estimated the biases in this value using a simulation model. Births and deaths, which violate the assumption of a closed population, - [Harbor seals as indicators of trends in contaminants in Puget Sound: comparison of results from two sites](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seals-indicators-trends-contaminants-puget-sound-comparison-results-two-sites/) - Harbor seals in Puget Sound provide some of the most consistent data on long term trends in contamination since they have been consistently sampled since the early 1970s and are integrators of contaminants in the marine fishes of a region. We conducted analyses for a broad range of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in harbor seal pups - [Human disturbances of harbor seals at haul-out sites in Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/human-disturbances-harbor-seals-haul-out-sites-puget-sound/) - [Harbor seal populations and their contribution to fecal coliform contamination in Quilcene Bay, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-populations-and-their-contribution-fecal-coliform-contamination-quilcene/) - [Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) distribution and abundance in the Gulf of Farallones, California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-megaptera-novaeangliae-distribution-and-abundance-gulf-farallones-0/) - [Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) population, behavior, and reaction to vessels in Glacier Bay, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-phoca-vitulina-population-behavior-and-reaction-vessels-glacier-bay-alaska/) - [Harbor seal haul out habitat and differences in haul out pattern in the inland waters of Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-seal-haul-out-habitat-and-differences-haul-out-pattern-inland-waters-washington/) - [How to tell them apart? Blackfish species discrimination using fin and body morphometrics obtainable from photos at sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/how-tell-them-apart-blackfish-species-discrimination-using-fin-and-body-morphometrics/) - Species misidentification is a common problem for some groups of cetaceans, and may lead to inaccurate descriptions of behavior, habitat use, group size, abundance, or acoustic characteristics, among other things. Four tropical species of “blackfish” overlap broadly in their ranges and are often confused at sea owing to their similar gray-black coloration, bulbous head without - [Health status of stranded gray whales (Eschrictius robustus) in Washington State using multiple indicators](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/health-status-stranded-gray-whales-eschrictius-robustus-washington-state-using-multiple/) - Health assessments of stranded cetaceans are determined from a variety of factors including sex, age class, length, girth, and other such parameters. Gray whales (Eschrictius robustus) frequently strand along their migration route from Baja to Arctic waters including the waters of the Pacific Northwest. Between 1977 and 2016, we compiled records for 212 stranded gray - [High mortality of blue, humpback and fin whales from vessel collisions on the U.S. West Coast suggests population impacts and insufficient protection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/high-mortality-blue-humpback-and-fin-whales-vessel-collisions-us-west-coast-suggests/) - Mortality from collisions with vessels is one of the main human causes of death for large whales. Ship strikes are rarely witnessed and the distribution of strike risk and estimates of mortality remain uncertain at best. We estimated ship strike mortality for blue humpback and fin whales in U.S. West Coast waters using a novel - [Humpback whale behavioral response to ships in and around major shipping lanes off San Francisco, CA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-whale-behavioral-response-ships-and-around-major-shipping-lanes-san-francisco/) - When whales overlap with human activities in coastal habitats, whales are vulnerable to potentially lethal ship strikes. Despite changes to the major shipping lanes off San Francisco, ship strikes continue, and there is increasing concern about the sub-lethal effects of ship encounters and factors increasing encounters. From 2013 to 2014, we tagged 15 humpback whales - [Humpback and grey whale sightings and distribution in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, Barkley Sound, British Columbia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/humpback-and-grey-whale-sightings-and-distribution-pacific-rim-national-park-reserve/) - [Harbor porpoise stranding trends in Washington state: are higher levels of mortality no longer unusual?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/harbor-porpoise-stranding-trends-washington-state-are-higher-levels-mortality-no-longer/) - [Gray whales in northern California and southern Oregon - What role do they really play in the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG)?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-northern-california-and-southern-oregon-what-role-do-they-really-play/) - [Group structure and mating strategies of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales off the island of Hawai`i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/group-structure-and-mating-strategies-cuviers-ziphius-cavirostris-and-blainvilles/) - Small, long-term resident populations of Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales exist off Hawai`i Island; however, little is known about their mating systems. We examine group structure using 97 encounters with Blainville's beaked whales over 29 years (mean group size=3.2, range=1-10) and 89 encounters with Cuvier's beaked whales over 25 years (mean group size=2.0, range=1-5). Adult - [geneSPLASH: An initial, ocean-wide survey of mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity and population structure among humpback whales in the North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/genesplash-initial-ocean-wide-survey-mitochondrial-mt-dna-diversity-and-population/) - We report on initial results of a comprehensive, ocean-wide survey of mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity and population structure among humpback whales in the North Pacific. Using n = 2,188 samples collected from 10 feeding and 8 breeding regions by the program Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpbacks (SPLASH) primarily in the winter and summer of - [Gray whale photographic identification in 1998-2003: Collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-1998-2003-collaborative-research-pacific/) - A collaborative effort to photographically identify of gray whales in the waters of the Pacific Northwest from California through Alaska from late spring through fall was conducted from 1998-2003. This report summarizes these results and provides new insights about the movements, abundance and survival of gray whales in the Pacific Northwest. Each year between 1,159 - [Gray whale photographic identification in 2002: Collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-2002-collaborative-research-pacific-northwest/) - Since 1998, there has been a collaborative effort among a number of research groups conducting photographic identification of gray whales in the Pacific Northwest (Calambokidis et al. 2000, 2002a, 2002b). This reports summarizes field effort conducted by Cascadia Research in 2002 for gray whales and the results of the photographic comparison from this effort as - [Gray whale photographic identification in 2001: Collaborative research in the Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-2001-collaborative-research-pacific-northwest/) - Starting in 1998, there has been a collaborative effort among a number of groups conducting photographic identification of gray whales in the Pacific Northwest (Calambokidis et al. 2000b, In press). This reports summarizes the field effort conducted by Cascadia Research in 2001 for gray whales and the results of comparison of the photographic identifications from - [Gray whale photographic identification in 1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-1998/) - In 1998, Cascadia Research and the National Marine Mammal Laboratory conducted photographic identification surveys for gray whale found in the waters of Washington State and along the southern coastline of Vancouver Island. A larger regional effort was also conducted from California to Southeastern Alaska involving a number of other collaborators including researchers with Humpboldt State - [Gray whale photographic identification in 1997](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-1997/) - Photographic identification of gray whales in Washington State was conducted in 1997 by Cascadia Research and the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. This has been part of an ongoing research effort to study the abundance, movements, residence times, and return rate of gray whales that feed in Washington waters for extended periods. This report provides a - [Gray whales in Washington State: report on research in 1996](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-washington-state-report-research-1996/) - This report summarizes research conducted by Cascadia Research in collaboration with the National Marine Mammal Laboratory during the 1996 field season. Cascadia Research has been conducting research on gray whales in Washington waters using photographic identification of individual animals since the mid-1980s (Calambokidis et al. 1994) with the goals of determining the number of whales using Washington - [Gray whales in Washington State: Progress report on research in 1995](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-washington-state-progress-report-research-1995/) - Cascadia Research has been studying gray whales in Washington waters since the mid-1980s. The goals of this overall research effort have been to characterize the different ways gray whales use Washington waters and to determine the number of individuals engaged in feeding and other critical activities. We have also sought to identify preferred areas for - [Gray whales of Washington State: Natural history and photographic catalog](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-washington-state-natural-history-and-photographic-catalog/) - This report summarizes the research conducted by Cascadia Research on gray whales in Washington State up to 1994. This included boat surveys that yielded sighting information, photographic identification of individual animals, sighting reports from the public, and examination of stranded animals. The report also includes our photographic catalog of individual animals identified through 1993. A - [Gertrude Island harbor seals: Potential human impact and the need for future protection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gertrude-island-harbor-seals-potential-human-impact-and-need-future-protection/) - [Gray whales in Puget Sounds and surrounding waters: not just migrants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-puget-sounds-and-surrounding-waters-not-just-migrants/) - Gray whales are generally recognized as migrants along the west coast traveling between winter breeding grounds in Mexico and primary feeding grounds in Alaska. Recent research has determined that some gray whales may not complete the migration and utilize feeding areas in the Pacific Northwest. We examine gray whale occurrence in Puget Sound based on - [Gray whales in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-puget-sound-and-strait-juan-de-fuca/) - [Geographic structure of mitochondrial DNA variation in humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/geographic-structure-mitochondrial-dna-variation-humpback-whales/) - [Growth, behavior, and impact of tagging on newborn northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/growth-behavior-and-impact-tagging-newborn-northern-fur-seals-callorhinus-ursinus/) - [Group dynamics of the endangered insular population of false killer whales in Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/group-dynamics-endangered-insular-population-false-killer-whales-hawaii/) - False killer whales are highly social, known for maintaining strong, long-term bonds and engaging in cultural behaviors including prey-sharing and mass stranding that may make them vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. An endangered main Hawaiian Islands population includes three recognized social clusters (C1, C2, C3). Although they appear longitudinally stable, all three are interconnected and some - [Google Earth satellite images provide novel method for examining feeding areas of gray whales in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/google-earth-satellite-images-provide-novel-method-examining-feeding-areas-gray-whales/) - Satellite images provide a valuable research tool though their use in whale research has been more limited due to challenges in resolution and catching whales at the surface. We explore a novel use of Google Earth to identify gray whale feeding pits exposed at low tide. During their migration from Mexico, a small group of - [Gray whale photographic identification in 2000: Collaborative research by Cascadia Research and the National Marine Laboratory](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-2000-collaborative-research-cascadia-research/) - [Gray whale photographic identification in 1999: Collaborative research by Cascadia Research, the National Marine Laboratory, and Humboldt State University](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whale-photographic-identification-1999-collaborative-research-cascadia-research/) - [Gray whales at the edge: Gray whale use of feeding grounds off northern California and Oregon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gray-whales-edge-gray-whale-use-feeding-grounds-northern-california-and-oregon/) - [From nearshore to 700 km offshore: year-round cetacean distribution and abundance surveys off southern California reveal seasonal and habitat trends for fin whales, Pacific white-sided dolphins and other species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/nearshore-700-km-offshore-year-round-cetacean-distribution-and-abundance-surveys/) - [GeneGIS computational tools for spatial analyses of DNA profiles associated with photo-identification records](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/genegis-computational-tools-spatial-analyses-dna-profiles-associated-photo/) - [False Killer Whales Around Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdhfn2013/) - [Examining the global phylogeography of a little known species: the pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/examining-global-phylogeography-little-known-species-pygmy-killer-whale-feresa/) - Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) have historically been a poorly studied species. They are typically found in the open ocean as well as around oceanic islands. However, they are naturally rare, cryptic, and often elusive, making them difficult to sample. Photo-identification and satellite telemetry data suggest the existence of an island-associated population around the main - [Evidence of genetic differentiation for Hawai‘i insular false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evidence-genetic-differentiation-hawaii-insular-false-killer-whales-pseudorca/) - Chivers et al. (2007) found Hawai‘i insular false killer whales to be distinct from other strata within the Indo-Pacific Ocean using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data. Here, we add new samples and eight nuclear DNA (nDNA) microsatellite markers to that study. After extensive quality checking, some haplotypes and duplicate individuals were removed from the 2007 mtDNA data - [Examination of blue whale occurrence, behavior, and reaction to ships in and around shipping lanes and insights into ship strikes 2007-2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/examination-blue-whale-occurrence-behavior-and-reaction-ships-and-around-shipping-lanes/) - [Final report for the April 2009 Gulf of Alaska line-transect survey (GOALS) in the Navy training exercise area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/final-report-april-2009-gulf-alaska-line-transect-survey-goals-navy-training-exercise/) - Little is known about the occurrence of cetaceans found in offshore waters in the Gulf of Alaska; however, whaling records and a few recent surveys have shown this area to be important habitat. The United States Navy maintains a maritime training area in the central Gulf of Alaska, east of Kodiak Island, and has requested - [False killer whales around the main Hawaiian islands: an assessment of inter-island movements and population size using individual photo-identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/false-killer-whales-around-main-hawaiian-islands-assessment-inter-island-movements-and/) - The current best estimate of population size for false killer whales within Hawaiian waters is only 268 individuals (Barlow 2003), though the estimate is not very precise (CV = 1.08). False killer whales are considered a “strategic” stock by the National Marine Fisheries Service, as “takes” in the Hawai‘i-based swordfish and tuna long-line fishery exceed - [Factors affecting non-point source fecal coliform levels in the Quilcene and Dabob Bay watersheds, Jefferson County, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/factors-affecting-non-point-source-fecal-coliform-levels-quilcene-and-dabob-bay/) - [Examination of blue whale vulnerability to ship strikes in the Santa Barbara Channel based on sightings, photo-ID, and multiple tag types](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/examination-blue-whale-vulnerability-ship-strikes-santa-barbara-channel-based-sightings/) - [Feeding and Vocal Behavior of Blue Whales Determined Through Suction-Cup Attached Tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/feeding-and-vocal-behavior-blue-whales-determined-through-suction-cup-attached-tags/) - [Extent of geographic overlap of North Pacific and South Pacific humpback whales on their Central American wintering grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/extent-geographic-overlap-north-pacific-and-south-pacific-humpback-whales-their-central/) - [First report on sightings of a white blue whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/first-report-sightings-white-blue-whale/) - [Evidence of a humpback whale wintering area in Costa Rica](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evidence-humpback-whale-wintering-area-costa-rica/) - [Evidence of predatory attacks on a humpback whales off California, Oregon, and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evidence-predatory-attacks-humpback-whales-california-oregon-and-washington/) - [Estimates of humpback and blue whale abundance along the U.S. west coast using mark-recapture of identified individuals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/estimates-humpback-and-blue-whale-abundance-along-us-west-coast-using-mark-recapture/) - [Fecal coliform contamination of shellfish caused by harbor seals in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fecal-coliform-contamination-shellfish-caused-harbor-seals-puget-sound-washington/) - [Evaluation of harbor seal contributions to bacterial contamination in Puget Sound and possible solutions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/evaluation-harbor-seal-contributions-bacterial-contamination-puget-sound-and-possible/) - [Environmental contaminants in killer whales from Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/environmental-contaminants-killer-whales-washington-british-columbia-and-alaska/) - [Eggshell thinning and pathology in Puget Sound Marine Birds and their association with pollutants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/eggshell-thinning-and-pathology-puget-sound-marine-birds-and-their-association/) - [Fish otoliths recovered from scat of harbor seals in the inland waters of Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/fish-otoliths-recovered-scat-harbor-seals-inland-waters-washington-state/) - [Factors associated with unusually strong responses to mid-frequency active sonar in Cuvier’s beaked whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/factors-associated-unusually-strong-responses-mid-frequency-active-sonar-cuviers/) - A recent study combined a large sample of behavioral data from 16 satellite-tagged Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) with concurrent records of Mid-Frequency Active Sonar (MFAS) use by military surface ships and helicopters in Southern California, and used a generalized additive mixed-effects model to predict that dive durations, surface intervals, and the duration between apparent - [Flexible foragers: Humpback whale diets in the California Current indicate variance in ocean climate and ecosystem conditions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/flexible-foragers-humpback-whale-diets-california-current-indicate-variance-ocean/) - While large, migratory predators are often cited as indicator species for ecosystem processes and conditions, their utility as indicators is dependent upon an understanding of their response to environmental variability. In this study, we examined humpback whale response to environmental variability through stable isotope analysis of diet. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures were analyzed - [Expansion rates of ventral groove blubber in lunge-feeding blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/expansion-rates-ventral-groove-blubber-lunge-feeding-blue-whales/) - Rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) are obligate lunge filter feeders that intermittently engulf and process large volumes of prey-laden water. Lunge feeding is a high-cost (due to drag), high-benefit (due to the amount of food captured) strategy that has major implications for rorqual diving capacity and foraging ecology, but several biomechanical aspects of this feeding strategy and - [Foraging ecology and movement patterns of blue whales in the eastern Pacific Ocean inferred by stable isotopes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/foraging-ecology-and-movement-patterns-blue-whales-eastern-pacific-ocean-inferred/) - Blue whales in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) migrate between habitats that exhibit contrasting baseline nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope values. We hypothesized that blue whale tissues record these biogeochemical changes occurring at the base of the food webs, and thus provide insights into its foraging ecology and movement patterns. To test this we - [Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals - False killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/encyclopedia-marine-mammals-false-killer-whales/) - [Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals - Pygmy killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/encyclopedia-marine-mammals-pygmy-killer-whales/) - [Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals - Cuvier's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/encyclopedia-marine-mammals-cuviers-beaked-whale/) - [Feeding and vocal behavior of blue whales determined through simultaneous visual-acoustic monitoring and deployment of suction-cup attached tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/feeding-and-vocal-behavior-blue-whales-determined-through-simultaneous-visual-acoustic/) - [Encounter with a Humpback](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/encounter-humpback/) - [Distribution and demographics of marine mammals in SOCAL through photo-identification, genetics, and satellite telemetry: A summary of surveys conducted 1 July 2012 – 30 June 2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-demographics-marine-mammals-socal-through-photo-identification/) - This report summarizes the year 3 results in an ongoing investigation of the distribution, demographics, and behavior of cetaceans in the U.S. Navy’s SOCAL operational area. Small vessel surveys, focused primarily on the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range (SOAR), were conducted in several field efforts over the 12‐month period beginning in July 2012. All SOAR - [Echolocation behavior of foraging Risso's dolphins from DTag recordings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/echolocation-behavior-foraging-rissos-dolphins-dtag-recordings/) - [Diet studies of "southern resident" killer whales: prey sampling and behavioral cues of predation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diet-studies-southern-resident-killer-whales-prey-sampling-and-behavioral-cues/) - In an effort to better understand the diet of so-called “southern resident” killer whales, we collected prey remains from feeding whales and recorded information on behavioral cues of predation around the San Juan Islands in August and September 2004. During the seven days of effort, killer whales were encountered on eight occasions over four days, - [Distribution, abundance, and age segregation of bowhead whales in the southeast Beaufort Sea, August-September 1986](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-abundance-and-age-segregation-bowhead-whales-southeast-beaufort-sea-august/) - [Distribution, abundance, and age segregation of bowhead whales relative to industry activities and oceanographic features in the southeast Beaufort Sea, August-September 1985](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-abundance-and-age-segregation-bowhead-whales-relative-industry-activities/) - [Distribution and biomagnifications of polychlorinated biphenyls in the benthic community](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-biomagnifications-polychlorinated-biphenyls-benthic-community/) - [Distribution of mtDNA haplotypes in blue whale in the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-mtdna-haplotypes-blue-whale-southern-hemisphere-and-north-pacific/) - [Detecting Population-Level Trends in Injury and Health for Humpback Whales across the North Pacific with Flank Photos from the SPLASH Study](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/detecting-population-level-trends-injury-and-health-humpback-whales-across-north/) - [Differences in fluke coloration and rake marks in North Pacific humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/differences-fluke-coloration-and-rake-marks-north-pacific-humpback-whales/) - [Distribution and population structure of humpback whales off Oregon and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-population-structure-humpback-whales-oregon-and-washington/) - [Effects of seismic survey noise on marine mammals in the inshore waters of Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/effects-seismic-survey-noise-marine-mammals-inshore-waters-washington-state/) - [Effects of ATOC sound source on the distribution of marine mammals observed from aerial surveys off central California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/effects-atoc-sound-source-distribution-marine-mammals-observed-aerial-surveys-central/) - [Disappearance and return of harbor porpoise to Puget Sound: 20 year pattern revealed from winter aerial surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/disappearance-and-return-harbor-porpoise-puget-sound-20-year-pattern-revealed-winter/) - Harbor porpoise were a common year-round resident in the Puget Sound in the 1940s, but by the 1970s, they had disappeared from the Sound, and their numbers were greatly reduced in the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca, and around the San Juan Islands. Some survey efforts were conducted to verify that there were - [Diet of Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) in the North Pacific and a comparison with their diet world-wide](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diet-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-north-pacific-and-comparison-their-0/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are distributed world-wide and are the most common cetacean to strand coincident with navy sonars. They are known for their extreme diving capabilities but diet information, fundamental to understanding foraging at depth, is limited from most regions. We report on 11,441 prey items from stomach contents of 16 stranded or - [Development of robust large whale satellite tags improves tag performance and reduces animal welfare problems](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/development-robust-large-whale-satellite-tags-improves-tag-performance-and-reduces/) - The use of satellite transmitters has yielded important information to better understand cetacean habitat use and to improve conservation and management. However, tag duration has been highly variable and typically shorter than battery life for most large whale species. Between 2011 and 2015, 65 transdermal satellite tags were deployed in Gulf of Maine (GoM) humpback - [Diving behavior of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/diving-behavior-cuviers-beaked-whales-ziphius-cavirostris-cape-hatteras-north-carolina/) - Cuvier’s beaked whales make exceptionally long and deep dives to forage on bathypelagic prey. The species is of conservation concern because of strandings which have occurred in association with Navy training exercises employing tactical sonar. We used depth-transmitting satellite tags to study the diving behavior of this species near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and to - [Distribution and relative abundance of cetaceans in western Canadian waters from ship surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-relative-abundance-cetaceans-western-canadian-waters-ship-surveys/) - [Diving Behavior and Ecology of Cuvier's and Blainville's Beaked Whales in Hawaii](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdetal_beakedwhales_2005/) - Diving habits of beaked whales (Family Ziphiidae) are of management interest for two primary reasons. Firstly, animals which spent long periods of time beneath the water’s surface are likely to be missed during shipboard or aerial surveys, and without taking diving patterns into account, abundance estimates may be negatively biased. Based on observational studies, beaked - [Determinacion de los destinos migratorios (Mexico-California Central) de rorcuales jorobados, Megaptera novaeangliae, por medio de fotoidentificacion](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/determinacion-de-los-destinos-migratorios-mexico-california-central-de-rorcuales/) - [Distribution and abundance of humpback whales and other marine mammals off the Washington Olympic coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/distribution-and-abundance-humpback-whales-and-other-marine-mammals-washington-olympic/) - [Cruise Report for the April 2009 gulf of Alaska Line-Transect Survey (GOALS) in the Navy Training Excise Area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cruise-report-april-2009-gulf-alaska-line-transect-survey-goals-navy-training-excise/) - Little is known about the occurrence of cetaceans found in offshore waters in the Gulf of Alaska (GoA); however, whaling records and a few recent surveys have shown this area to be important habitat. The United States Navy maintains a maritime training area in the central GoA east of Kodiak Island, and has requested additional information on marine - [Costa Rica Dome blue whale cruise report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/costa-rica-dome-blue-whale-cruise-report/) - [Deployment of an instrument package to film and record underwater behavior of blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/deployment-instrument-package-film-and-record-underwater-behavior-blue-whales/) - [Contaminants in Washington marine mammals: spatial, temporal and species-related patterns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/contaminants-washington-marine-mammals-spatial-temporal-and-species-related-patterns/) - [Defining key habitats: An analysis of short-finned pilot whale communities in Hawai‘i using satellite tag data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/defining-key-habitats-analysis-short-finned-pilot-whale-communities-hawaii-using/) - While only a single stock of short-finned pilot whales is recognized in Hawai‘i, photo-identification, social network analyses, and genetics have all suggested that there are at least two populations; an open-ocean (pelagic) population and an island-associated (insular) population in which there are western, central and eastern communities. Potential anthropogenic impacts in Hawai‘i may vary depending - [Controlled exposure experiments with full-scale military mid-frequency sonars in four cetacean species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/controlled-exposure-experiments-full-scale-military-mid-frequency-sonars-four-cetacean/) - Marine mammal strandings associated with specific mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) systems have driven much of the awareness, research, and regulatory attention to the effects of noise on these taxa. However, controlled measurements of cetacean responses to known exposures of such sounds have been unavailable. Within the Southern California Behavioral Response Study (SOCAL-BRS), we conducted 79 - [Comparison of skin microbiomes across 16 marine mammal species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/comparison-skin-microbiomes-across-16-marine-mammal-species/) - An emerging theme in animal and human health-related research is that associated microbial communities or 'microbiomes' play vital and active roles in maintaining normal functioning and health. Yet, very little attention has been paid towards understanding the microbiomes of marine mammals. The skin microbiome of humpback whales was recently shown to contain a core community - [Comparison of two distinct humpback whale populations (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Pacific Central American waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/comparison-two-distinct-humpback-whale-populations-megaptera-novaeangliae-pacific/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and their use for describing population discreetness in harbor porpoises from Washington, Oregon, and California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbon-concentrations-and-their-use-describing-population-discreetness/) - Concentrations of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls, a class of industrial chemicals), DDE (the primary breakdown product of the pesticide DDT), and HCB (hexachlorobenzene, a fungicide) were determined in blubber samples from 45 harbor porpoises collected along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The primary purpose of this study was to test for regional patterns in - [Chemical contamination of harbor seal pups in Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chemical-contamination-harbor-seal-pups-puget-sound/) - This report summarizes the results of chemical analyses of harbor seal pups found dead at two sites in Puget Sound. The first site was Gertrude Island in southern Puget Sound and the second Smith Island in northern Puget Sound. Blubber and liver tissues were examined both for organic and trace element contaminants. A wide range - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the Gulf of California harbor porpoise (Phocoena sinus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbon-concentrations-gulf-california-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-sinus/) - High concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants have been noted in coastal odontocetes from a number of areas (Gaskin et al. 1971, 1974, 1982, 1983, Calambokidis et al. 1984, O'Shea et al. 1980, Taruski et al. 1975). Many of these contaminant are stable, tend to concentrate up food chains, and are lipophillic accumulating in fatty tissues - [Contaminant concentrations in northern fur seals and preliminary evaluation of risk from consumption](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/contaminant-concentrations-northern-fur-seals-and-preliminary-evaluation-risk/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in harbor porpoise from Washington, Oregon, and California: Regional differences in pollutant ratios](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbons-harbor-porpoise-washington-oregon-and-california-regional/) - Concentrations of PCB, DDE, HCB were examined in 51 blubber samples collected from 36 harbor porpoise collected along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The primary purpose of the study was to test for regional patterns in the concentration of contaminants and their ratios and to evaluate the feasibility of using contaminants to gain - [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of northern fur seals from St. Paul Island, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbons-tissues-northern-fur-seals-st-paul-island-alaska/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from southeast Alaskan waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbons-humpback-whales-megaptera-novaeangliae-southeast-alaskan/) - Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants have been found in the tissues of animals from all parts of the world and these chemicals are now considered ubiquitous in the global ecosystem. Relatively high concentrations of these contaminants have been found in the tissues of marine mammals (Risebrough 1978). This is partly the result of the high level on - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and the ecology and behavior of harbor seals in Washington State waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbon-concentrations-and-ecology-and-behavior-harbor-seals-washington/) - The Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii), occurs along the north and west coasts of North America from the Bering Sea to northern Baja California, Mexico (Scheffer 1958). Scheffer and Slipp (1944) have done the most extensive study of the harbor seal in Washington State. More recent research in Washington State has focused on Gertrude - [Comparisons of lunge feeding behavior between blue, fin, and humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/comparisons-lunge-feeding-behavior-between-blue-fin-and-humpback-whales/) - [Concurrent visual and acoustic tracking of fin whales in offshore Southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/concurrent-visual-and-acoustic-tracking-fin-whales-offshore-southern-california/) - Ocean acoustic techniques can be used to monitor whale presence within a region over long time periods. However, using the number of recorded calls to provide an estimate of the number of total whales present has not yet been realized. To help provide a transfer function from the number of acoustic calls to the number of - [Contaminants in Puget Sound marine mammals: Temporal, spacial, and species-related patterns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/contaminants-puget-sound-marine-mammals-temporal-spacial-and-species-related-patterns/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the Gulf of California harbor porpoise (Phocoena sinus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbon-concentrations-gulf-california-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-sinus-0/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals from Puget Sound and the Northeast Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbons-marine-mammals-puget-sound-and-northeast-pacific/) - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and their use for describing population discreetness in harbor porpoise from Washington, Oregon, and California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chlorinated-hydrocarbon-concentrations-and-their-use-describing-population-0/) - [Comparative mortality, pathology, and microbiology of harbor seal neonates at different sites in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/comparative-mortality-pathology-and-microbiology-harbor-seal-neonates-different-sites/) - [Common dolphins in Washington State waters: An increase in sightings and strandings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/common-dolphins-washington-state-waters-increase-sightings-and-strandings/) - Common dolphins (Delphinus sp.), specifically long-beaked common dolphins, typically inhabit warmer temperate waters and are not usually present north of California; however, sightings of live common dolphins and dead stranded individuals have been increasing in Washington State waters since the early 2000s. Since 2006, eight common dolphin strandings have been recorded; seven on the outer coast - [Complementary analyses of behavioral responses to sonar in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/complementary-analyses-behavioral-responses-sonar-blue-whales-balaenoptera-musculus/) - We used field experiments to measure potential changes in behavior from noise exposure to blue whales off southern California from 2010-2014. High-resolution movement and acoustic data were obtained from DTAGs (n=43) while surface positions and behavioral observations were made through dedicated visual focal follows. Controlled exposure experiments were used to obtain direct measurements of behavior - [Comparison of habitat use, migratory destinations, and song between Northern and Southern Hemisphere humpback whale populations on their Central American wintering ground](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/comparison-habitat-use-migratory-destinations-and-song-between-northern-and-southern/) - [Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) lunge kinematics as a function of fine-scale metrics of krill schools](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-balaenoptera-musculus-lunge-kinematics-function-fine-scale-metrics-krill/) - [Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whales/) - [Characterization of marine mammal recordings from the Hawaii Range Complex](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/characterization-marine-mammal-recordings-hawaii-range-complex/) - This report summarizes work conducted in FY2009-FY2010 with Navy support to characterize marine mammal sounds related to passive acoustic monitoring in the Hawaii Range Complex (HRC). Existing acoustic data from the Hawaii Range Complex area were analyzed to provide better descriptions of acoustic signals by species. Recordings were either from a boat-based hydrophone during small boat-based surveys, or from - [Blue Whale Behavioral Response Study & Field Testing of the New Bioacoustic Probe](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-behavioral-response-study-field-testing-new-bioacoustic-probe/) - [Cetacean stranding response in Washington with special attention to gray whales and harbor porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cetacean-stranding-response-washington-special-attention-gray-whales-and-harbor/) - Cascadia responded to 81 cetacean strandings of at least 11 species during the grant period. These documented the post UME rate of mortality in gray whales which showed low levels of mortality in the years immediately following a major mortality event in 1999-2000 but which was slightly elevated above average in 2005 and 2006. We - [Census results of 1992 winter shorebird counts from Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Willapa Bay](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/census-results-1992-winter-shorebird-counts-puget-sound-strait-juan-de-fuca-and-willapa/) - [Calibration of sighting rates of harbor porpoise from aerial surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calibration-sighting-rates-harbor-porpoise-aerial-surveys/) - Harbor porpoise abundance estimates have been made for Washington and Oregon using aerial and vessel surveys (Barlow 1988, Barlow et al. 1988, Calambokidis In Press, Calambokidis et al. 1991, 1992, Green et al. 1992 Turnock et al. In press). A major limitation of these estimates, however, has been that the fraction of animals missed on the survey line was not known. The primary - [Chemical contaminants in gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) stranded in Alaska, Washington, and California, U.S.A.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chemical-contaminants-gray-whales-eschrichtius-robustus-stranded-alaska-washington-and/) - Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) populations in the eastern North Pacific have increased at an annual rate of close to 3% since cessation of commercial exploitation and now number over 20,000 (Buckland et al. 1993, Reilly 1992), which is close to their historical population size. These marine mammals make an annual round-trip migration between their breeding - [Bird and mammal surveys after the Tenyo Maru Oil Spill, July 1991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bird-and-mammal-surveys-after-tenyo-maru-oil-spill-july-1991/) - [Censuses and disturbance of harbor seals at Woodard Bay and recommendations for protection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/censuses-and-disturbance-harbor-seals-woodard-bay-and-recommendations-protection/) - The Woodard Bay Natural Resource Conservation Area was purchased by the state of Washington. One of the important features of this site are the harbor seals that haul-out to rest and give birth to young on the log booms. This report summarizes research conducted by Cascadia Research and Washington Department of Wildlife on harbor seals at Woodard Bay (Henderson - [Biology of Puget Sound marine mammals and marine birds: Population health and evidence of pollution effects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-puget-sound-marine-mammals-and-marine-birds-population-health-and-evidence/) - The objective of this research was to determine whether detrimental effects possibly caused by toxic chemicals could be observed in Puget Sound marine mammals and marine birds. The study design was based on examination of a wide variety of indices of population and individual health and comparison of these indices from areas of suspected high - [Chemical contaminants in marine mammals from Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/chemical-contaminants-marine-mammals-washington-state/) - The objectives of this study were to report the results of recent analyses of environmental toxicants in Washington marine mammals and evaluate the evidence for pollutant-related effects in marine mammals. In the last eight years, samples of close to 100 marine mammals from Washington State have been analyzed for concentrations of the chlorinated hydrocarbons: polychlorinated - [Bowhead whale length measured through stereophotogrammetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bowhead-whale-length-measured-through-stereophotogrammetry/) - [Changes in cetacean occurrence in the Salish Sea: Anomalous sightings in southern Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/changes-cetacean-occurrence-salish-sea-anomalous-sightings-southern-puget-sound/) - In the last few years, several unexpected species have been sighted and stranded in southern Puget Sound. This has included the return of one species, the harbor porpoise, that used to be common but had disappeared for many decades from Puget Sound before returning in recent years, and the occurrence of three species since 2010 - [Blue whale behavior in shipping lanes and response to ships](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-behavior-shipping-lanes-and-response-ships/) - [Cetacean Occurrence in the Gulf of Alaska U. S. Navy Training Area and Surrounding Waters, April 2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cetacean-occurrence-gulf-alaska-u-s-navy-training-area-and-surrounding-waters-april/) - [Blue Whale Ship Strikes off Southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-ship-strikes-southern-california/) - [Blue whale habitat preference at the Costa Rica Dome](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-habitat-preference-costa-rica-dome/) - [Cetacean visual and acoustic surveys aboard CalCOFI cruises, 2004-2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/cetacean-visual-and-acoustic-surveys-aboard-calcofi-cruises-2004-2008/) - [Changes in abundance of humpback whales off the west coast of the U.S.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/changes-abundance-humpback-whales-west-coast-us/) - [Blue and fin whales in the Southern California Bight: Using long-term acoustic records and acoustic recording tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-and-fin-whales-southern-california-bight-using-long-term-acoustic-records-and/) - [Central America as a significant wintering ground for North Pacific humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/central-america-significant-wintering-ground-north-pacific-humpback-whales/) - [Biology of humpback whales off Oregon and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-humpback-whales-oregon-and-washington/) - [Blue whale occurrence and photo-identification along the central California coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-occurrence-and-photo-identification-along-central-california-coast/) - [Biology of Puget Sound marine mammals: Evidence of pollution-related problems](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-puget-sound-marine-mammals-evidence-pollution-related-problems/) - [Bringing the right fishermen to the table: An index of overlap between false killer whales and nearshore fisheries in Hawai‘i, with implications for targeting observer programs and outreach efforts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bringing-right-fishermen-table-index-overlap-between-false-killer-whales-and-nearshore/) - In Hawai‘i, the diet of endangered main Hawaiian Islands false killer whales (FKWs) includes pelagic and nearshore game fish, overlapping almost entirely with fishery catches. Interactions with nearshore fisheries are one of the greatest threats to this population, with at least 23% of individuals having injuries suggesting fishery interactions. Meetings with stakeholders have primarily brought - [Changes in humpback whale occurence in the Washington-southern British Columbia feeding area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/changes-humpback-whale-occurence-washington-southern-british-columbia-feeding-area/) - Based on past genetic and photo-identification data, humpback whales in the North Pacific show site fidelity to distinct feeding areas to which they return annually including an area that encompasses the waters off Washington and southern British Columbia. This represents one of the smaller North Pacific feeding areas both geographically and numerically. Combined with its - [Blue whale detection rates from acoustic and visual surveys in the southern California Bight](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/blue-whale-detection-rates-acoustic-and-visual-surveys-southern-california-bight/) - [Baja blue whale research 2011: Summary of research conducted by Cascadia Research as part of an Oceanic Society Research Expedition with volunteers from Road Scholar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baja-blue-whale-research-2011-summary-research-conducted-cascadia-research-part-oceanic/) - Blue whales occur widely in the world’s ocean and became a target of commercial whalers in what is termed the modern era of whaling. Largest populations occurred in the southern Hemisphere and the Antarctic blue whale was the most heavily hit by commercial whaling with close to 300,000 killed primarily in the first half of - [Are the southern feeding group of eastern Pacific gray whales a maternal genetic isolate?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/are-southern-feeding-group-eastern-pacific-gray-whales-maternal-genetic-isolate/) - The managment of eastern Pacific gray whales that feed in southern waters depends on how individuals are recruited into this feeding group, which remains uncertain. Separate management is needed if recruitment is internal with mothers bringing their calves to their life-long feeding grounds. Such exclusively internal recruitment would make the southern feeding group a maternal - [Biology of blue whales in the Gulf of the Farallones and adjacent areas of California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-blue-whales-gulf-farallones-and-adjacent-areas-california/) - Blue whale populations have been depleted as a result of commercial whaling conducted up to 1966. Blue whales were hunted in the Gulf of the Farallones from whaling stations operating out of San Francisco Bay. There has been little evidence to document the recovery of blue whales in the North Pacific since the end of - [Biology of humpback whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-humpback-whales-gulf-farallones-california/) - Under a research contract to the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and the National Park Service, we studied the abundance, distribution, and behavior of humpback whales in central California from 1986 to 1988. The goal of the research was to gain information helpful to management and protection of humpback whales and other marine - [Bacterial contamination related to harbor seals in Puget Sound, Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bacterial-contamination-related-harbor-seals-puget-sound-washington/) - High concentrations of fecal coliforms have been reported at several sites in northern Hood Canal where hundreds of harbor seals congregate to haul out and rest. A preliminary study concluded that harbor seals had the potential to be major sources of fecal coliform concentrations in these area. Even though the management options are limited for - [Biological and Behavioral Response Studies of Marine Mammals in southern California (SOCAL-10)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biological-and-behavioral-response-studies-marine-mammals-southern-california-socal-10/) - SOCAL‐10 was a scientific research project conducted in Aug‐Sept 2010 in the Southern California Bight. The overall objective was to provide a better understanding of marine mammal behavior, while providing direct scientific data for the Navy and regulatory agencies to estimate risk and minimize adverse effects of human sounds, particularly military sonar. SOCAL‐10 extended previous studies in the Bahamas - [An overview of Salmonella spp recovered from marine mammals, wildlife and production animals at the Animal Health Center, Abbotsford ,British Columbia from 1999 to 2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/overview-salmonella-spp-recovered-marine-mammals-wildlife-and-production-animals-animal/) - [An overview of post mortem findings of stranded grey whale (Escherichtius robustus) in Washington State, April to July, 2005](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/overview-post-mortem-findings-stranded-grey-whale-escherichtius-robustus-washington/) - [An overview of the movements of humpback whales in the North Pacific and evaluation of stock structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/overview-movements-humpback-whales-north-pacific-and-evaluation-stock-structure/) - [Bacterial contamination of shellfish caused by harbor seals in Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bacterial-contamination-shellfish-caused-harbor-seals-puget-sound/) - [Behavior of harbor seals and their reaction to vessels in Glacier Bay, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/behavior-harbor-seals-and-their-reaction-vessels-glacier-bay-alaska/) - [Biology and behavior of molting Canada geese (Branta canadensis fulva) in Glacier Bay, Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biology-and-behavior-molting-canada-geese-branta-canadensis-fulva-glacier-bay-alaska/) - [Answers or more questions? Using high-throughput sequencing approaches to address the subspecies taxonomy of blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/answers-or-more-questions-using-high-throughput-sequencing-approaches-address/) - The Marine Mammal Society’s Committee on Taxonomy currently recognizes five subspecies of blue whales: 1) the Northern hemisphere blue whale, 2) the Antarctic blue whale, 3) the Northern Indian Ocean blue whale, 4) the pygmy blue whale of the Indian Ocean, and 5) the Chilean blue whale. With the exception of the Northern Indian Ocean, - [An automated lunge detector for baleen whale tag data: Application and results for fin whales off Southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/automated-lunge-detector-baleen-whale-tag-data-application-and-results-fin-whales/) - Multi-sensor archival tags have become a relatively common tool for studying the underwater behavior of diving animals, including whales. Rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) feed via an energetically costly, complex behavior called lunge feeding, an intermittent ram filtration mechanism. This process includes kinematic maneuvers at depth and near the surface that have signatures evident in a number - [Biological indicators for the increase in West Coast humpback whale entanglements: Insights based on trends in abundance and shifts in feeding behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/biological-indicators-increase-west-coast-humpback-whale-entanglements-insights-based/) - [Assessing exposure and response of three species of odontocetes to mid-frequency active sonar during submarine commanders courses at the Pacific Missile Range Facility: August 2013 through February 2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessing-exposure-and-response-three-species-odontocetes-mid-frequency-active-sonar/) - The United States Navy’s marine species monitoring program addresses four general topics surrounding the impact of mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS) on protected species: occurrence, exposure, response, and consequences. Occurrence of odontocete cetaceans on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) has been studied for several years using a combination of satellite tags and photo-identification, - [Association of PCFG gray whales on migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/association-pcfg-gray-whales-migration/) - We found that PCFG whales often migrated together based on a review of identification photographs of migrating gray whales encountered by whale watch naturalists in Southern California operating primarily out of Santa Barbara and Long Beach 2013-15. We identified potential PCFG gray whales on migration and confirmed this by matching all whales associated in a - [Additional genetic evidence for population structure of Phocoena phocoena off the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/additional-genetic-evidence-population-structure-phocoena-phocoena-coasts-california/) - [Aerial surveys conducted to test the impacts of the LFA sound source](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/aerial-surveys-conducted-test-impacts-lfa-sound-source/) - [Assessment of the status of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Oregon and Washington waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/assessment-status-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-oregon-and-washington-waters/) - The status of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, is reviewed for stocks in Oregon and Washington waters, and the adjacent transboundary waters of southern British Columbia, Canada, emphasizing the most recent data on their geographic range, population structure, distribution, population size, trends in abundance, and reproductive biology. This information is used to determine if the annual rate - [Acoustic and Visual Surveys of Odontocetes from 12 line-transect surveys off Southern California 2006-2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-visual-surveys-odontocetes-12-line-transect-surveys-southern-california/) - [Abundance estimates of humpback and blue whales off the US West Coast based on mark-recapture of photo-identified individuals through 2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-estimates-humpback-and-blue-whales-us-west-coast-based-mark-recapture-photo/) - Humpback and blue whales are considered endangered and their populations were depleted by whaling throughout most of their range. Both species make seasonal migrations between low latitude areas in winter and high latitude areas in summer. Blue whales feed off California from May through November (Dohl et al. 1983) and migrate to waters off Mexico - [Acoustic and visual monitoring of cetaceans along the outer Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-visual-monitoring-cetaceans-along-outer-washington-coast/) - [Abundance of blue whales off the US West Coast using photo identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-blue-whales-us-west-coast-using-photo-identification/) - Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) are considered endangered and their populations were depleted by whaling throughout most of their range. Blue whales feed off California from May through November (Dohl et al. 1983) and migrate to waters off Mexico and Central America in winter and spring (Calambokidis et al. 1990, Stafford et al. 1999, Mate et - [Acoustic and diving behavior of a tagged Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) exposed to simulated sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-diving-behavior-tagged-bairds-beaked-whale-berardius-bairdii-exposed-0/) - Beaked whales are hypothesized to be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic noise, based on previous strandings and limited experimental and observational data. However, few species have been studied in detail. We describe the underwater behavior of a Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) from the first deployment of a multi-sensor acoustic tag on this species. The animal - [Abundance, distribution, and identity of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in northern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-distribution-and-identity-gray-whales-eschrichtius-robustus-northern/) - [Abundance of blue and humpback whales in California - a comparison of mark-recapture and line-transect estimates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-blue-and-humpback-whales-california-comparison-mark-recapture-and-line/) - [Acoustic activity and body motion of tagged sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) under natural foraging behavior and depredation conditions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-activity-and-body-motion-tagged-sperm-whales-physeter-macrocephalus-under/) - [Acoustic and visual monitoring for marine mammals at Cortez and Tanner Banks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/acoustic-and-visual-monitoring-marine-mammals-cortez-and-tanner-banks/) - [Abundance and Movements of Spinner Dolphins off the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/hill_etal_2011/) - Collaborative photo-identification data were used to calculate minimum abundance estimates and to analyze movements of individuals for three spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris longirostris) stocks within the main Hawaiian Islands. Island-specific photographic catalogs range from 11 to 215 individuals (median=49). Mark-recapture analyses produced six closed capture estimates of minimum seasonal abundance for leeward portions of Kaua‘i – - [Abundance and population structure of seasonal gray whales in the Pacific Northwest, 1998-2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-population-structure-seasonal-gray-whales-pacific-northwest-1998-2008/) - The existence of a small number of eastern North Pacific gray whales that spend the spring, summer and fall feeding in coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest has been known for some time and localized and short-term studies have examined aspects of the natural history of these animals. We report the results of an 11-year (1998-2008) collaborative study - [Abundance and population structure of humpback whales in the North Pacific Basin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-population-structure-humpback-whales-north-pacific-basin/) - This project examined the abundance and population structure of humpback whales in the North Pacific and was the result of the collaboration of researchers from 16 independent studies. Locations sampled included three wintering regions (Mexico, Hawaii and Japan) and feeding areas from California to the Aleutian Islands. Photographs taken between 1991 to 1993 (later expanded - [Abundance estimates of harbor porpoise in Washington and Oregon waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-estimates-harbor-porpoise-washington-and-oregon-waters/) - Numerous surveys have been conducted in recent years to estimate harbor porpoise abundance for Washington and Oregon. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the past data on harbor porpoise abundance and develop a revised abundance estimate the data from these data. To this end, we evaluated the suitability and comparability of past surveys. Four data sets - [Abundance and movements of humpback and blue whales off California using photographic identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-movements-humpback-and-blue-whales-california-using-photographic/) - [Abundance estimates of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phooena) in Washington and Oregon waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-estimates-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phooena-washington-and-oregon-waters/) - [A survey for odontocete cetaceans off Kaua'i and Ni'ihau, Hawai'i, during October and November 2005: evidence for population structure and site fidelity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/survey-odontocete-cetaceans-kauai-and-niihau-hawaii-during-october-and-november-2005/) - Considerable uncertainty exists regarding population structure and population sizes of most species of odontocetes in the Hawaiian Islands. A small-boat based survey for odontocetes was undertaken off the islands of Kaua‘i and Ni‘ihau in October and November 2005 to photoidentify individuals and collect genetic samples for examining stock structure. Field effort on 24 days covered - [Abundance and distribution of blue and humpback whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-distribution-blue-and-humpback-whales-gulf-farallones-california/) - [Abundance and distribution of marine mammals in Washington and British Columbia inside waters, 1996](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/abundance-and-distribution-marine-mammals-washington-and-british-columbia-inside-waters/) - [A guide to marine mammals of Greater Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/guide-marine-mammals-greater-puget-sound/) - [A review of false killer whales in Hawaiian waters: Biology, status, and risk factors](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/review-false-killer-whales-hawaiian-waters-biology-status-and-risk-factors/) - Recent management and conservation issues have arisen concerning false killer whales in Hawaiian waters. Two demographically isolated populations have been identified, a small (estimated 123 individuals) island-associated population around the main Hawaiian Islands (hereafter Hawai‘i insular stock) and a larger (estimated 484 individuals) offshore population (hereafter Hawai‘i pelagic stock). Individuals within the Hawai‘i insular stock regularly move among islands and - [2006 Progress Report on Acoustic and Visual Monitoring for Cetaceans along the Outer Washington Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/2006-progress-report-acoustic-and-visual-monitoring-cetaceans-along-outer-washington/) - [2003 aerial surveys for harbor porpoise and other marine mammals off Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/2003-aerial-surveys-harbor-porpoise-and-other-marine-mammals-oregon-washington-and/) - From 1 - 31 August 2003, Cascadia Research conducted aerial surveys for harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, and other marine mammals under contract from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. This was the second year that surveys were flown over the coastal waters of Washington and southern British Columbia and the inland waters of Washington (except Puget - [2002 aerial surveys for harbor porpoise and other marine mammals off Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/2002-aerial-surveys-harbor-porpoise-and-other-marine-mammals-oregon-washington-and/) - From 6 August to 12 September 2002, Cascadia Research conducted aerial surveys for harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena and other marine mammals under contract from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. The surveys were flown over the coastal waters of Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia and the inland waters of Washington (except Puget Sound) and Southern - [2006 Hydramnios in a lactating pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded in Washington: post-mortem findings and implications from a stranded calf](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/2006-hydramnios-lactating-pygmy-sperm-whale-kogia-breviceps-stranded-washington-post/) - [A Miniature Acoustic Recording Tag and First Application to Northeast Pacific Blue Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/miniature-acoustic-recording-tag-and-first-application-northeast-pacific-blue-whales/) - [A high risk intertidal feeding strategy for gray whales examined with new suction-cup attached multi-sensor video tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/high-risk-intertidal-feeding-strategy-gray-whales-examined-new-suction-cup-attached/) - Gray whales were considered specialized feeders, almost exclusively targeting benthic amphipods in the Arctic. More recent research has revealed them to be more versatile and adaptive in their feeding strategies and variety of prey. A group of a dozen individually identified gray whales return for 2-3 months each spring to feed (some for more than - [A new web-based platform for ongoing large-scale photo ID linkage study of North Pacific humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/new-web-based-platform-ongoing-large-scale-photo-id-linkage-study-north-pacific/) - Happywhale enables wide area cooperation by integrating automation and crowd sourcing to deliver swift, laborsaving fluke ID recognition. Photo ID is a powerful tool, yet often produces large, backlogged data sets with high processing burdens. In response to these burdens, the web-based platform www.Happywhale.com develops and applies emerging options of automation, image recognition and crowd sourced human - [A predictive model and field test of interactions between short-finned pilot whales and a pelagic longline fishery](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/predictive-model-and-field-test-interactions-between-short-finned-pilot-whales-and/) - There is increasing recognition that, to be effective, fisheries management should incorporate spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of both target and non-target species. It is particularly difficult to mitigate the bycatch of highly mobile marine mammals using static management approaches, and the development of novel adaptive strategies is critical to effectively managing their - [Keep an Eye on Me: Using Underwater Photos and Video from Citizen Science to Evaluate Prevalence of Injury in Pygmy Killer Whales in Hawaiʻi](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/vanderzee_etal2019wmmc/) - [Assessing Respiratory Microbiome of Small- and Medium-Sized Cetaceans Using Unmanned Aerial Systems: Breath Sampling Humpbacks is so 2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/lerma_etal2019wmmc/) - [Study of Seasonal Resident Gray Whales Feeding Strategy in N. Puget Sound, WA, in 2016 Contract Report for Cooperative Agreement CA-16-320](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calambokidis_2016_ca-16-320/) - This report summarizes research conducted in 2016 examining gray whale occurrence and feeding in northern Puget Sound by Cascadia Research under a cooperative agreement from the Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR). This is the 2nd year of expanded research conducted on this topic. The DNR Aquatics Lands Program is implementing an adaptive management research - [Spatial use by Cuvier’s beaked whales and short-finned pilot whales satellite tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina: 2017 Annual Progress Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-cuviers-beaked-whales-and-short-finned-pilot-whales-satellite-tagged-cape/) - In 2014 a collaborative study between Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) and Duke University was initiated off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to examine the spatial use and diving behavior of a number of species of odontocetes using remotely deployed Low Impact Minimally Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite tags. This work builds upon and complements longer-term - [The accessible predator: bloodthirsty murderers no more, captive killer whales helped to transform the species’s reputation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/accessible-predator-bloodthirsty-murderers-no-more-captive-killer-whales-helped/) - [Odontocete studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in August 2017: satellite-tagging, photo-identification, and passive acoustic monitoring.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/odontocete-studies-pacific-missile-range-facility-august-2017-satellite-tagging-photo/) - As part of a long-term U.S. Navy-funded marine mammal monitoring program, in August 2017 a combination of boat-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off Kaua‘i prior to a Submarine Command Course scheduled for mid-August 2017. The U.S. Navy funded five days of - [Bite Me: Using Cookie-Cutter Shark Bites to Estimate Age of Blainville's Beaked Whales in Hawaiian Waters](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mickey_etal2019wmmc/) - [Prevalence of Fishery-Related Scarring on the Mouthlines of Common Bottlenose Dolphins Around the Main Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/gill_etal2019wmmc/) - [Breaching the Line: Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations Exceeding Thresholds in Endangered Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/kratofil_etal_2019/) - [Increase in Large Whale Entanglements in 2018 in the Pacific Northwest: Improved Reporting & Changes in Whale Occurrence](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/flynn_etal2019wmmc/) - [Differential Vulnerability to Ship Strikes Between Day and Night for Blue, Fin, and Humpback Whales Based on Dive and Movement Data from Medium Duration Archival Tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/calambokidis_etal2019wmmc/) - [Participatory Science and Directed Survey Methods: A Case Study with Odontocetes in the Maui Nui Region of the Hawaiian Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/howe_etal2019wmmc/) - [Long-Term Mom/Calf Associations in Rough-Toothed Dolphins off the Island of Hawaiʻi: Evidence of a Stable Matrilineal Social Structure in a Deep-Water Dolphin?](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/mahaffybaird2019wmmc/) - [Movements of satellite-tagged pantropical spotted dolphins in relation to stock boundaries in Hawaiian waters.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/movements-satellite-tagged-pantropical-spotted-dolphins-relation-stock-boundaries/) - [The perils of relying on handling techniques to reduce bycatch in a partially observed fishery: a potential fatal flaw in the False Killer Whale Take Reduction Plan](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/perils-relying-handling-techniques-reduce-bycatch-partially-observed-fishery-potential/) - [Using dolphins to catch tuna: assessment of interactions between pantropical spotted dolphins and hook and line fisheries in Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/using-dolphins-catch-tuna-assessment-interactions-between-pantropical-spotted-dolphins/) - [Survival of a common bottlenose dolphin calf with a gunshot wound to the melon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/survival-common-bottlenose-dolphin-calf-gunshot-wound-melon/) - [Spatial Use of Cuvier's Beaked Whales and Short-finned Pilot Whales Satellite Tagged off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina: 2018 Annual Progress Report](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/spatial-use-cuviers-beaked-whales-and-short-finned-pilot-whales-satellite-tagged-cape-2/) - In 2014 a collaborative study between Cascadia Research Collective (CRC) and Duke University was initiated off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to examine the spatial use and diving behavior of multiple odontocete species using remotely deployed Low-Impact Minimally Percutaneous External-electronics Transmitter (LIMPET) satellite tags. This work builds upon and complements longer-term studies of - [Odontocete studies on the Pacific Missile Range Facility in August 2018: satellite-tagging, photo-identification, and passive acoustic monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/bairdetal_2019_kauai2018/) - As part of a long-term U.S. Navy-funded marine mammal monitoring program, in August 2018 a combination of vessel-based field effort and passive acoustic monitoring was carried out on and around the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) off Kaua‘i prior to a Submarine Command Course scheduled for mid-August 2018. The purpose of the monitoring effort was - [Behavior and ecology of not-so-social odontocetes: Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird2019beakedwhales/) - While beaked whales are the poorest-known family of cetaceans overall, the behavior and ecology of two species of beaked whales, Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris), have been studied extensively for more than 15 years in multiple areas around the world. This research was largely initiated as a result of the susceptibility of both - [How We Learn About Hawaii's Dolphin and Whale Populations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/baird2019_hawaiifishingnews/) - [Extracting Identifying Contours for African Elephants and Humpback Whales Using a Learned Appearance Model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/weideman_etal_2020/) - [Epizootiology of a Cryptococcus gatti Outbreak in Porpoises and Dolphins From the Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publications/teman_etal_dao2021/) - Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen that primarily affects the respiratory and nervous systems of humans and other animals. C. gattii emerged in temperate North America in 1999 as a multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State and Oregon (USA), affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here we describe the C. gattii epizootic in odontocetes. Cases ## Categories - [Uncategorized](https://cascadiaresearch.org/category/uncategorized/) - [Announcements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/category/announcements/) - [Procession of the Species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/category/procession_of_the_species/) - [Stranding Response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/category/stranding-response/) ## Categories - [Getting Started](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/category/getting-started/) - [FAQs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/category/faqs/) - [Other](https://cascadiaresearch.org/knowledge-base/category/other/) ## Species - [Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena/) - [Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/blue-whale-balaenoptera-musculus/) - [Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/fin-whale-balaenoptera-physalus/) - [Melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/melon-headed-whale-peponocephala-electra/) - [Killer whale (Orcinus orca)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/killer-whale-orcinus-orca/) - [False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/false-killer-whale-pseudorca-crassidens/) - [Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/) - [Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/pygmy-sperm-whale-kogia-breviceps/) - [Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/dwarf-sperm-whale-kogia-sima/) - [Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/gray-whale-eschrichtius-robustus/) - [Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/sei-whale-balaenoptera-borealis/) - [Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/harbor-seal-phoca-vitulina/) - [Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/short-finned-pilot-whale-globicephala-macrorhynchus/) - [Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/rough-toothed-dolphin-steno-bredanensis/) - [Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/minke-whale-balaenoptera-acutorostrata/) - [Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/humpback-whale-megaptera-novaeangliae/) - [Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/steller-sea-lion-eumetopias-jubatus/) - [California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/california-sea-lion-zalophus-californianus/) - [Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/guadalupe-fur-seal-arctocephalus-townsendi/) - [Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/northern-fur-seal-callorhinus-ursinus/) - [Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/northern-elephant-seal-mirounga-angustirostris/) - [Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mustelids/sea-otter-enhydra-lutris/) - [Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/cuviers-beaked-whale-ziphius-cavirostris/) - [Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/common-bottlenose-dolphin-tursiops-truncatus/) - [Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/short-beaked-common-dolphin-delphinus-delphis/) - [Mysticetes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/) - [Odontocetes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/) - [Pinnipeds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/) - [Mustelids](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mustelids/) - [Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/dalls-porpoise-phocoenoides-dalli/) - [Long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/long-beaked-common-dolphin-delphinus-capensis/) - [Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/pacific-white-sided-dolphins-lagenorhynchus-obliquidens/) - [Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/pantropical-spotted-dolphin-stenella-attenuata/) - [Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/brydes-whale-balaenoptera-edeni/) - [pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/pygmy-killer-whale-feresa-attenuata/) - [Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/blainvilles-beaked-whale-mesoplodon-densirostris/) - [Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/rissos-dolphin-grampus-griseus/) - [Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/bairds-beaked-whale-berardius-bairdii/) - [Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/spinner-dolphin-stenella-longirostris/) - [Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/striped-dolphin-stenella-coeruleoalba/) - [Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/frasers-dolphin-lagenodelphis-hosei/) - [Longman's beaked Whale (Indopacetus pacificus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/longmans-beaked-whale-indopacetus-pacificus/) - [Stejneger’s beaked (Mesoplodon stejnegeri)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/stejnegers-beaked-mesoplodon-stejnegeri/) - [Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/beluga-whale-delphinapterus-leucas/) - [Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/pinnipeds/hawaiian-monk-seal-neomonachus-schauinslandi/) - [North American river otter (Lontra canadensis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mustelids/north-american-river-otter-lontra-canadensis/) - [North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/north-pacific-right-whale-eubalaena-japonica/) - [North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/north-atlantic-right-whale-eubalaena-glacialis/) - [northern right whale dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/northern-right-whale-dolphin-lissodelphis-borealis/) - [bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/mysticetes/bowhead-whale-balaena-mysticetus/) - [Hubb's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/hubbs-beaked-whale/) - [Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/ginkgo-toothed-beaked-whale/) - [West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/sireneans/west-indian-manatee-trichechus-manatus/) - [Sireneans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/sireneans/) - [Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/species/odontocetes/atlantic-spotted-dolphin-stenella-frontalis/) ## Keywords - [Ship−whale collision](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship−whale-collision/) - [Blue whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/blue-whales/) - [Avoidance behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/avoidance-behavior/) - [Ship speed](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship-speed/) - [AIS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ais/) - [Biologging tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biologging-tags/) - [feeding area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feeding-area/) - [migratory corridor](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/migratory-corridor/) - [resident population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/resident-population/) - [anthropogenic sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/anthropogenic-sound/) - [species distribution](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/species-distribution/) - [U.S. West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/u-s-west-coast/) - [North Pacific Ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/north-pacific-ocean/) - [Satellite tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satellite-tag/) - [Long-term effect](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/long-term-effect/) - [Monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/monitoring/) - [Calving interval](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/calving-interval/) - [Blue whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/blue-whale/) - [predator-prey interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/predator-prey-interactions/) - [spatial use](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatial-use/) - [occurrence](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/occurrence/) - [group size](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/group-size/) - [Orcinus orca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/orcinus-orca/) - [Phocoena phocoena](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/phocoena-phocoena/) - [Stranding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/stranding/) - [Pacific Northwest](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pacific-northwest/) - [Unusual mortality event](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/unusual-mortality-event/) - [baleen whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/baleen-whales/) - [bulk-filter feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bulk-filter-feeding/) - [foraging ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/foraging-ecology/) - [physiological ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/physiological-ecology/) - [predator–prey interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/predator-prey-interactions-2/) - [contaminants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/contaminants/) - [Harbor Seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/harbor-seals/) - [Phoca vitulina](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/phoca-vitulina/) - [Puget Sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/puget-sound/) - [Strait of Juan de Fuca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/strait-of-juan-de-fuca/) - [trace elements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/trace-elements/) - [Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/washington-state/) - [bycatch](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bycatch/) - [injuries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/injuries/) - [fisheries interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fisheries-interactions/) - [fisheries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fisheries/) - [sex bias](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sex-bias/) - [false killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/false-killer-whales/) - [Hawai‘i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hawaii/) - [Cetaceans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cetaceans/) - [Line transect](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/line-transect/) - [Density](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/density/) - [Abundance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/abundance/) - [Distribution](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/distribution/) - [Trends](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/trends/) - [Southern California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/southern-california/) - [CalCOFI](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/calcofi/) - [conservation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/conservation/) - [Hawaii](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hawaii-2/) - [management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/management/) - [population genetics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/population-genetics/) - [Stenella attenuata](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/stenella-attenuata/) - [stock](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/stock/) - [Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cytochrome-p4501a1-cyp1a1/) - [Pseudorca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pseudorca/) - [Hawaiian cetacean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hawaiian-cetacean/) - [Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcb/) - [Blubber dart biopsy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/blubber-dart-biopsy/) - [Biomarker](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biomarker/) - [Acceleration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acceleration/) - [Acoustics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acoustics/) - [Whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whale/) - [Eschrichtius robustus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/eschrichtius-robustus/) - [gray whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gray-whale/) - [population structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/population-structure/) - [mitochondrial DNA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mitochondrial-dna/) - [microsatellites](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microsatellites/) - [demographic independence](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/demographic-independence/) - [cetacean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cetacean/) - [island-associated](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/island-associated/) - [male-mediated gene flow](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/male-mediated-gene-flow/) - [social structure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/social-structure/) - [Sperm whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sperm-whales/) - [Satellite tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satellite-tags/) - [Shelf](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shelf/) - [Slope](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/slope/) - [Ocean basin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ocean-basin/) - [Rate of horizontal movement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rate-of-horizontal-movement/) - [Demersal longlines](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/demersal-longlines/) - [Depredation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/depredation/) - [dwarf sperm whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dwarf-sperm-whale/) - [melon-headed whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/melon-headed-whale/) - [pantropical spotted dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pantropical-spotted-dolphin/) - [Risso’s dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rissos-dolphin/) - [rough-toothed dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rough-toothed-dolphin/) - [short-finned pilot whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/short-finned-pilot-whale/) - [striped dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/striped-dolphin/) - [acoustic methods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acoustic-methods/) - [habitat use](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/habitat-use/) - [mtDNA](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mtdna/) - [Microsatellite genotypes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microsatellite-genotypes/) - [Migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/migration/) - [Genetic management units](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/genetic-management-units/) - [Balaenoptera physalus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenoptera-physalus/) - [immature fin whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/immature-fin-whale/) - [grey whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/grey-whale/) - [ship strike](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship-strike/) - [Eastern Bering Sea shelf](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/eastern-bering-sea-shelf/) - [Spatial variations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatial-variations/) - [Temporal variations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/temporal-variations/) - [animal behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/animal-behavior/) - [marine biology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-biology/) - [natural history](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/natural-history/) - [locomotion](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/locomotion/) - [integrative biology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/integrative-biology/) - [Military sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/military-sonar/) - [Underwater noise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/underwater-noise/) - [Sensory ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sensory-ecology/) - [Foraging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/foraging/) - [Biologging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biologging/) - [Harbor seal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/harbor-seal/) - [health](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/health/) - [mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mortality/) - [pups](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pups/) - [Smith Island](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/smith-island/) - [Washington](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/washington/) - [Humpback whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/humpback-whale/) - [Satellite telemetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satellite-telemetry/) - [North Atlantic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/north-atlantic/) - [breeding ground](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/breeding-ground/) - [movements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/movements/) - [Commercial shipping](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/commercial-shipping/) - [generalized additive models](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/generalized-additive-models/) - [habitat modeling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/habitat-modeling/) - [risk analysis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/risk-analysis/) - [Critical habitat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/critical-habitat/) - [Range](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/range/) - [Satellite tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satellite-tagging/) - [Mysticeti](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mysticeti/) - [manoeuvrability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/manoeuvrability/) - [Coxiella burnetii](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/coxiella-burnetii/) - [marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-mammals/) - [placenta](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/placenta/) - [Q fever](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/q-fever/) - [noise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/noise/) - [underwater sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/underwater-sound/) - [transducer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/transducer/) - [behavioral response study](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/behavioral-response-study/) - [Peponocephala electra](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/peponocephala-electra/) - [site fidelity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/site-fidelity/) - [Megaptera novaeangliae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/megaptera-novaeangliae/) - [photo-identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/photo-identification/) - [capture-recapture](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/capture-recapture/) - [bias](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bias/) - [simulation model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/simulation-model/) - [roqual](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/roqual/) - [pelican](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pelican/) - [flexural rigidity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/flexural-rigidity/) - [convergence](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/convergence/) - [effective population size](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/effective-population-size/) - [parentage](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/parentage/) - [pedigree](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pedigree/) - [relatedness](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/relatedness/) - [reproductive success](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/reproductive-success/) - [diving](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diving/) - [drag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/drag/) - [energetics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/energetics/) - [filter feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/filter-feeding/) - [allometry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/allometry/) - [balaenopteridae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenopteridae/) - [engulfment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/engulfment/) - [rorqual](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rorqual/) - [scaling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/scaling/) - [flukeprint](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/flukeprint/) - [footprint](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/footprint/) - [vortex ring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/vortex-ring/) - [vortex shedding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/vortex-shedding/) - [wave damping](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/wave-damping/) - [breakwater](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/breakwater/) - [surfactant](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/surfactant/) - [genetic differentiation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/genetic-differentiation/) - [management units](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/management-units/) - [Tursiops](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tursiops/) - [Physeter macrocephalus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/physeter-macrocephalus/) - [single-nucleotide polymorphism](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/single-nucleotide-polymorphism/) - [Central America](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/central-america/) - [breeding area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/breeding-area/) - [regional fidelity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/regional-fidelity/) - [Antarctic krill](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/antarctic-krill/) - [climate change](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/climate-change/) - [Stochastic dynamic programming](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/stochastic-dynamic-programming/) - [fishing impact](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fishing-impact/) - [Anthropogenic impacts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/anthropogenic-impacts/) - [dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dolphin/) - [Deepwater Horizon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/deepwater-horizon/) - [Gulf of Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gulf-of-mexico/) - [oil](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/oil/) - [strandings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/strandings/) - [longline fishing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/longline-fishing/) - [population boundaries](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/population-boundaries/) - [group dynamics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/group-dynamics/) - [Balaenoptera musculus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenoptera-musculus/) - [trauma](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/trauma/) - [shipping lanes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shipping-lanes/) - [Sarcocystis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sarcocystis/) - [persistent organic pollutants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/persistent-organic-pollutants/) - [polybrominated diphenyl ethers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers/) - [contaminant variation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/contaminant-variation/) - [health effects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/health-effects/) - [beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/beaked-whale/) - [Canary Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/canary-islands/) - [impact](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/impact/) - [Mesoplodon densirostris](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mesoplodon-densirostris/) - [sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sonar/) - [Ziphius cavirostris](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ziphius-cavirostris/) - [resident killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/resident-killer-whales/) - [prey selection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/prey-selection/) - [Chinook salmon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/chinook-salmon/) - [genetic stock identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/genetic-stock-identification/) - [bottlenose dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bottlenose-dolphin/) - [Tursiops truncatus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tursiops-truncatus/) - [North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/north-pacific/) - [Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/alaska/) - [Canada](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/canada/) - [eastern North Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/eastern-north-pacific/) - [assessment methods](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/assessment-methods/) - [Northern bottlenose whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/northern-bottlenose-whale/) - [Cuvier's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cuviers-beaked-whale/) - [Blainville's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/blainvilles-beaked-whale/) - [decompression sickness](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/decompression-sickness/) - [diving physiology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diving-physiology/) - [pygmy killer whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pygmy-killer-whale/) - [Feresa attenuata](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feresa-attenuata/) - [rarity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rarity/) - [social organization](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/social-organization/) - [biopsy sampling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biopsy-sampling/) - [endangered species](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/endangered-species/) - [stable isotopes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/stable-isotopes/) - [northeastern Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/northeastern-pacific/) - [phocid herpesvirus-1](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/phocid-herpesvirus-1/) - [Argos](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/argos/) - [satellite tracking](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satellite-tracking/) - [mid-frequency active sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mid-frequency-active-sonar/) - [shark](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shark/) - [killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/killer-whales/) - [predator aviodance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/predator-aviodance/) - [vertical migration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/vertical-migration/) - [Steno bredanensis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/steno-bredanensis/) - [islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/islands/) - [associations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/associations/) - [Pseudorca crassidens](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pseudorca-crassidens/) - [oceanography](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/oceanography/) - [Harbour porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/harbour-porpoise/) - [Dall's porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dalls-porpoise/) - [White-sided dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/white-sided-dolphin/) - [habitat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/habitat/) - [North America](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/north-america/) - [freshwater](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/freshwater/) - [antibiotics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/antibiotics/) - [playbacks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/playbacks/) - [biopsy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biopsy/) - [predation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/predation/) - [rake marks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rake-marks/) - [fluke scarring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fluke-scarring/) - [Pollutants](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pollutants/) - [Organochlorines](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/organochlorines/) - [white whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/white-whale/) - [Pacific ocean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pacific-ocean/) - [Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins/) - [Polychlorinated dibenzofurans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/polychlorinated-dibenzofurans/) - [Silver-haired bats](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/silver-haired-bats/) - [Lasionycteris noctivagans](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/lasionycteris-noctivagans/) - [California Myotis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/california-myotis/) - [Myotis califorinicus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/myotis-califorinicus/) - [winter activity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/winter-activity/) - [generalized logistic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/generalized-logistic/) - [Marine Mammal Protection Act](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-mammal-protection-act/) - [maximum net productivity level](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/maximum-net-productivity-level/) - [optimum sustainable population](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/optimum-sustainable-population/) - [pinniped](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pinniped/) - [population growth](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/population-growth/) - [Feeding Grounds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feeding-grounds/) - [mark-recapture](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mark-recapture/) - [Abundance Estimate](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/abundance-estimate/) - [Whaling-Aboriginal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whaling-aboriginal/) - [interchange](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/interchange/) - [Pollutant burden](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pollutant-burden/) - [Arctic](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/arctic/) - [brominated diphenyl ethers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/brominated-diphenyl-ethers/) - [Ziphiidae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ziphiidae/) - [association patterns](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/association-patterns/) - [reproductive rates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/reproductive-rates/) - [photographic identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/photographic-identification/) - [California](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/california/) - [visual survey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/visual-survey/) - [acoustic survey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acoustic-survey/) - [encounter rate](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/encounter-rate/) - [suction-cup tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/suction-cup-tag/) - [calls](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/calls/) - [Northern hemisphere](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/northern-hemisphere/) - [Antarctica](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/antarctica/) - [sea-surface temperature](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature/) - [Steller sea lion](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/steller-sea-lion/) - [sea otter](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sea-otter/) - [fur seal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fur-seal/) - [ecosystem](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ecosystem/) - [whaling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whaling/) - [population dynamics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/population-dynamics/) - [satelite telemetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/satelite-telemetry/) - [radio-tracking](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/radio-tracking/) - [feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feeding/) - [scars](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/scars/) - [beaked whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/beaked-whales/) - [fin whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fin-whale/) - [lunge-feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/lunge-feeding/) - [swimming](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/swimming/) - [kinematics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/kinematics/) - [surplus killing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/surplus-killing/) - [disease](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/disease/) - [San Juan Islands](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/san-juan-islands/) - [dolphins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dolphins/) - [whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whales/) - [aerial surveys](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/aerial-surveys/) - [dive behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dive-behavior/) - [g(0) estimation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/g0-estimation/) - [line transect sampling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/line-transect-sampling/) - [visibility bias](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/visibility-bias/) - [acoustic deterrent](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acoustic-deterrent/) - [commercial fishing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/commercial-fishing/) - [Gulf of Alaska](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gulf-of-alaska/) - [passive acoustic monitoring](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/passive-acoustic-monitoring/) - [sablefish](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sablefish/) - [carcass recovery](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/carcass-recovery/) - [survival rates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/survival-rates/) - [human-caused mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/human-caused-mortality/) - [Acoustic behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/acoustic-behavior/) - [Sound production](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sound-production/) - [DTAG](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dtag/) - [cetacean foraging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cetacean-foraging/) - [ecosystem shifts](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ecosystem-shifts/) - [euphausiids](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/euphausiids/) - [forage fish](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/forage-fish/) - [North Pacific Gyre Oscillation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/north-pacific-gyre-oscillation/) - [Pacific Decadal Oscillation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pacific-decadal-oscillation/) - [upwelling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/upwelling/) - [reproductive area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/reproductive-area/) - [Echolocation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/echolocation/) - [Classification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/classification/) - [Globicephala macrorhynchus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/globicephala-macrorhynchus/) - [Hawai‘i Island](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hawaii-island/) - [residency](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/residency/) - [epidemiology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/epidemiology/) - [GIS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gis/) - [Spatiotemporal analyses](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-analyses/) - [gene flow](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gene-flow/) - [sei whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sei-whale/) - [bowhead whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bowhead-whale/) - [genetics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/genetics/) - [reproduction](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/reproduction/) - [behaviour](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/behaviour/) - [neonatal mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/neonatal-mortality/) - [mortality rates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mortality-rates/) - [causes of death](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/causes-of-death/) - [microbiology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microbiology/) - [starvation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/starvation/) - [field study](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/field-study/) - [Greater Yellowlegs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/greater-yellowlegs/) - [Tringa melanoleuca](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tringa-melanoleuca/) - [winter](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/winter/) - [Balaenidae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenidae/) - [photogrammetry](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/photogrammetry/) - [photography](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/photography/) - [Beaufort Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/beaufort-sea/) - [age-class segregation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/age-class-segregation/) - [gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gray-whales/) - [PCBs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pcbs/) - [DDT](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ddt/) - [Biosonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biosonar/) - [Pulsed sound](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pulsed-sound/) - [Buzz](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/buzz/) - [Burst pulse](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/burst-pulse/) - [Jerk](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/jerk/) - [Foraging behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/foraging-behavior/) - [Accelerometer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/accelerometer/) - [archival tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/archival-tag/) - [automated signal recognition](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/automated-signal-recognition/) - [bio-logging tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bio-logging-tag/) - [remote observation.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/remote-observation/) - [Blubber](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/blubber/) - [hormones](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hormones/) - [pregnancy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pregnancy/) - [progesterone](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/progesterone/) - [behavioral response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/behavioral-response/) - [controlled exposure experiment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/controlled-exposure-experiment/) - [disturbance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/disturbance/) - [prey](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/prey/) - [roll](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/roll/) - [maneuvering](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/maneuvering/) - [baleen](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/baleen/) - [filtration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/filtration/) - [Long-term tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/long-term-tag/) - [Tag development](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tag-development/) - [Baleen whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/baleen-whale/) - [phylogeography](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/phylogeography/) - [Delphinidae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/delphinidae/) - [mammalian](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mammalian/) - [mourning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mourning/) - [perinatal mortality](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/perinatal-mortality/) - [Physeteridae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/physeteridae/) - [supportive behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/supportive-behavior/) - [Arafura and Timor Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/arafura-and-timor-sea/) - [dispersal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dispersal/) - [forward algorithm](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/forward-algorithm/) - [multivariate time series](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/multivariate-time-series/) - [numerical maximum likelihood](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/numerical-maximum-likelihood/) - [random effects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/random-effects/) - [lunge feeding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/lunge-feeding-2/) - [camera tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/camera-tag/) - [foraging kinematics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/foraging-kinematics/) - [ventral groove blubber](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ventral-groove-blubber/) - [collagen](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/collagen/) - [elastin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/elastin/) - [muscle morphology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/muscle-morphology/) - [Balaenopteridae.](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenopteridae-2/) - [cetacean distribution](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cetacean-distribution/) - [Dall’s porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dalls-porpoise-2/) - [generalized additive model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/generalized-additive-model/) - [habitat-based density model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/habitat-based-density-model/) - [pelagic conservation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pelagic-conservation/) - [short-beaked common dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/short-beaked-common-dolphin/) - [species distribution model](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/species-distribution-model/) - [Behavioural response](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/behavioural-response/) - [Naval sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/naval-sonar/) - [Minke whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/minke-whale/) - [Balaenoptera acutorostrata](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenoptera-acutorostrata/) - [Killer whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/killer-whale/) - [vessel regulations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/vessel-regulations/) - [whale watching](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whale-watching/) - [wildlife viewing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/wildlife-viewing/) - [wound healing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/wound-healing/) - [anatomy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/anatomy/) - [Cetacea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cetacea/) - [deformity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/deformity/) - [disfigurement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/disfigurement/) - [welfare](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/welfare/) - [divergence](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/divergence/) - [gene-culture co-evolution](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gene-culture-co-evolution/) - [genomics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/genomics/) - [Pilot whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pilot-whale/) - [Shelf break](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shelf-break/) - [Submarine canyon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/submarine-canyon/) - [Gulf Stream](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gulf-stream/) - [First passage time](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/first-passage-time/) - [pinnipeds](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pinnipeds/) - [human interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/human-interactions/) - [spatio-temporal analysis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatio-temporal-analysis/) - [hybrid](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hybrid/) - [Kauai](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/kauai/) - [tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tagging/) - [diatom](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diatom/) - [microbiome](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microbiome/) - [metagenomics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/metagenomics/) - [microbiota](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microbiota/) - [contamination](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/contamination/) - [dialects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dialects/) - [pilot whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pilot-whales/) - [research](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/research/) - [Navy sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/navy-sonar/) - [feeding dynamics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feeding-dynamics/) - [multi-sensor biologgers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/multi-sensor-biologgers/) - [Balaenoptera musculus; acoustic communication; behavioural context; blue whale; song](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/balaenoptera-musculus-acoustic-communication-behavioural-context-blue-whale-song/) - [Cuvier's](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/cuviers/) - [fishery interactions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fishery-interactions/) - [Steno](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/steno/) - [Orcinus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/orcinus/) - [dynamic management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/dynamic-management/) - [fisheries management](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fisheries-management/) - [Admixture](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/admixture/) - [drift](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/drift/) - [secondary contact](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/secondary-contact/) - [taxonomy](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/taxonomy/) - [ship observers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship-observers/) - [humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/humpback-whales/) - [fin whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fin-whales/) - [diel differences](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diel-differences/) - [whale behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/whale-behavior/) - [archival tags](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/archival-tags/) - [deep diving odontocete](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/deep-diving-odontocete/) - [foraging energetics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/foraging-energetics/) - [marine mammal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-mammal/) - [Grampus griseus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/grampus-griseus/) - [activity level](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/activity-level/) - [prey value](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/prey-value/) - [central place foraging theory](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/central-place-foraging-theory/) - [area to be avoided](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/area-to-be-avoided/) - [ship speed reductions](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship-speed-reductions/) - [shipping route](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shipping-route/) - [ship-strike risk](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ship-strike-risk/) - [spatially explicit risk assessment](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatially-explicit-risk-assessment/) - [species distribution modeling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/species-distribution-modeling/) - [variability in ocean use](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/variability-in-ocean-use/) - [Detection](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/detection/) - [Lunge](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/lunge/) - [Norm-jerk](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/norm-jerk/) - [Prey capture](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/prey-capture/) - [Risso's dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/rissos-dolphin-2/) - [diagnosability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diagnosability/) - [SNPs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/snps/) - [Southern Hemisphere](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/southern-hemisphere/) - [systematics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/systematics/) - [Hexane Extract](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hexane-extract/) - [Shipping Activity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/shipping-activity/) - [Harbor Area](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/harbor-area/) - [Similar Organism](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/similar-organism/) - [Copper Turning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/copper-turning/) - [Megaptera noveangliae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/megaptera-noveangliae/) - [index of abundance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/index-of-abundance/) - [Bayesian modelling; Antarctic; South Atlantic Ocean; Antarctic krill; population assessment; humpback whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bayesian-modelling-antarctic-south-atlantic-ocean-antarctic-krill-population-assessment-humpback-whales/) - [air‐breathing divers](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/air‐breathing-divers/) - [feeding efficiency](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/feeding-efficiency/) - [optimal foraging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/optimal-foraging/) - [gray whales; PCFG; Abundance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/gray-whales-pcfg-abundance/) - [heart rate](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/heart-rate/) - [world's largest animal](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/worlds-largest-animal/) - [BIO-LOGGING; RADIO-TAGGING; SATELLITE TAGGING; TELEMETRY](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bio-logging-radio-tagging-satellite-tagging-telemetry/) - [near collision](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/near-collision/) - [active avoidance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/active-avoidance/) - [perceptual cues](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/perceptual-cues/) - [incidental sightings](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/incidental-sightings/) - [survey-vessel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/survey-vessel/) - [POPs](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pops/) - [Pacific](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/pacific/) - [Carbon](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/carbon/) - [Nitrogen](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/nitrogen/) - [microorganism](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/microorganism/) - [phylogeny](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/phylogeny/) - [SSU ribosomal RNA gene](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ssu-ribosomal-rna-gene/) - [bacteria](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/bacteria/) - [Spinner dolphins](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spinner-dolphins/) - [tourism](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tourism/) - [mucormycosis](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mucormycosis/) - [harbor porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/harbor-porpoise/) - [fungus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/fungus/) - [Isotope Mixing Models](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/isotope-mixing-models/) - [Marine Ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-ecology/) - [trophic overlap](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/trophic-overlap/) - [spatial ecology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/spatial-ecology/) - [state-space modeling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/state-space-modeling/) - [net squared displacement](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/net-squared-displacement/) - [diving synchrony](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diving-synchrony/) - [diel](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diel/) - [diving behavior](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/diving-behavior/) - [lunar cycle](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/lunar-cycle/) - [Hybridization](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/hybridization/) - [Mexico](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mexico/) - [Tracking](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/tracking/) - [Identification](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/identification/) - [Demographics](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/demographics/) - [Survival](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/survival/) - [marine mammal stranding data](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-mammal-stranding-data/) - [propeller strike](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/propeller-strike/) - [Salish Sea](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/salish-sea/) - [sharp trauma](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sharp-trauma/) - [adhesion](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/adhesion/) - [echeneidae](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/echeneidae/) - [biologging tag](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biologging-tag/) - [boundary layer](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/boundary-layer/) - [birth defects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/birth-defects/) - [congenital defects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/congenital-defects/) - [malformation](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/malformation/) - [testosterone](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/testosterone/) - [reproductive endocrinology](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/reproductive-endocrinology/) - [breeding-feeding habitat](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/breeding-feeding-habitat/) - [Ramari's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ramaris-beaked-whale/) - [True's beaked whale](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/trues-beaked-whale/) - [Mesoplodon mirus](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mesoplodon-mirus/) - [Mesoplodon eueu](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/mesoplodon-eueu/) - [biodiversity](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/biodiversity/) - [aggregate exposure](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/aggregate-exposure/) - [area attendance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/area-attendance/) - [individual-level random effects](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/individual-level-random-effects/) - [sonar disturbance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/sonar-disturbance/) - [template model builder](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/template-model-builder/) - [transition probability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/transition-probability/) - [Automated image recognition](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/automated-image-recognition/) - [computer vision](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/computer-vision/) - [deep convolutional neural networks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/deep-convolutional-neural-networks/) - [kaggle competition](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/kaggle-competition/) - [machine learning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/machine-learning/) - [common dolphin](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/common-dolphin/) - [environmentally controlled depletion](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/environmentally-controlled-depletion/) - [FTLE](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/ftle/) - [information sharing](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/information-sharing/) - [marine hotspot](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/marine-hotspot/) - [patchiness](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/patchiness/) - [social foraging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/social-foraging/) - [oceanographic variability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/oceanographic-variability/) - [climate variability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/climate-variability/) - [maneuverability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/maneuverability/) - [agility](https://cascadiaresearch.org/keywords/agility/) ## Publication types - [Journal articles](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_type/journal-articles/) - [Reports and magazine articles](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_type/reports-and-magazine-articles/) - [Conference presentations](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_type/conference-presentations/) - [Books](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_type/books/) - [Book reviews](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_type/book-reviews/) ## Publication dates - [2016](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2016/) - [2015](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2015/) - [2014](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2014/) - [2013](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2013/) - [2012](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2012/) - [2011](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2011/) - [2010](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2010/) - [2009](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2009/) - [2008](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2008/) - [2007](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2007/) - [2006](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2006/) - [2005](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2005/) - [2004](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2004/) - [2003](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2003/) - [2002](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2002/) - [2001](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2001/) - [2000](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2000/) - [1979](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1979/) - [1980](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1980/) - [1981](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1981/) - [1982](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1982/) - [1978](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1978/) - [1983](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1983/) - [1984](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1984/) - [1985](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1985/) - [1986](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1986/) - [1987](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1987/) - [1988](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1988/) - [1989](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1989/) - [1990](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1990/) - [1991](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1991/) - [1992](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1992/) - [1993](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1993/) - [1994](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1994/) - [1995](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1995/) - [1996](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1996/) - [1997](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1997/) - [1998](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1998/) - [1999](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1999/) - [1977](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1977/) - [1975](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/1975/) - [2017](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2017/) - [2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2018/) - [2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2019/) - [2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2020/) - [2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2021/) - [2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2022/) - [2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2023/) - [2024](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2024/) - [2025](https://cascadiaresearch.org/publication_date/2025/) ## Associated projects - [Killer whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/killer-whales/) - [SOCAL-BRS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/socal-brs/) - [SCORE](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/score/) - [Hawaii](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/hawaii/) - [Stranding](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/stranding/) - [Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/puget-sound-harbor-seals/) - [Puget Sound harbor porpoise](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/puget-sound-harbor-porpoise/) - [GOALS](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/goals/) - [Blue whale ship strikes](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/blue-whale-ship-strikes/) - [NPS gray whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/nps-gray-whales/) - [Cape Hatteras odontocete tagging](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/cape-hatteras-odontocete-tagging/) - [Washington State](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/washington-state/) - [CalCOFI](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/calcofi/) - [SPLASH](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/splash/) - [Pacific Coast Feeding Group Gray Whales](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/pacific-coast-feeding-group-gray-whales/) - [SEASWAP](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/seaswap/) - [Bering Sea Project](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/bering-sea-project/) - [Trends in contaminants in Puget Sound harbor seals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/trends-in-contaminants-in-puget-sound-harbor-seals/) - [Humpback and Blue whale Photo-ID](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/humpback-and-blue-whale-photo-id/) - [Atlantic Odontocete Movements](https://cascadiaresearch.org/associated_projects/atlantic-odontocete-movements/) ## Special pages - [Hawaii updates](https://cascadiaresearch.org/special_pages/hawaii-updates/) ## Positions - [Staff](https://cascadiaresearch.org/position/staff/) - [Research Associate](https://cascadiaresearch.org/position/research-associate/) ## Offices - [Hawai'i](https://cascadiaresearch.org/office/hawaii/) - [West Coast](https://cascadiaresearch.org/office/west-coast/) ## Intern-Seasons - [Winter 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/winter-2022/) - [Fall 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2021/) - [Spring/Summer 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/spring-summer-2021/) - [Fall 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2020/) - [Winter 2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/winter-2021/) - [Spring/Summer 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/spring-summer-2020/) - [Winter 2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/winter-2020/) - [Fall 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2019/) - [Summer 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/summer-2019/) - [Summer 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/summer-2018/) - [Spring 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/spring-2019/) - [Winter 2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/winter-2019/) - [Fall 2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2018/) - [Summer 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/summer-2022/) - [Fall 2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2022/) - [Winter 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/winter-2023/) - [Spring/Summer 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/spring-summer-2023/) - [Fall 2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-season/fall-2023/) ## Intern-Years - [2022](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2022/) - [2021](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2021/) - [2020](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2020/) - [2019](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2019/) - [2018](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2018/) - [2023](https://cascadiaresearch.org/intern-year/2023/) ## Document Tags - [anthropogenic disturbance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/anthropogenic-disturbance/) - [climate change](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/climate-change/) - [data integration](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/data-integration/) - [marine mammals](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/marine-mammals/) - [mechanistic modelling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/mechanistic-modelling/) - [Military sonar](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/military-sonar/) - [population consequences of disturbance](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/population-consequences-of-disturbance/) - [spatial planning](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/spatial-planning/) - [maneuverability](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/maneuverability/) - [agility](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/agility/) - [scaling](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/scaling/) - [cetacean](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/cetacean/) - [swimming](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/swimming/) - [Ship Strike](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/ship-strike/) - [humpbacks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/humpbacks/) - [ferry strike](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/ferry-strike/) - [Salish Sea humpbacks](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/salish-sea-humpbacks/) - [conference poster](https://cascadiaresearch.org/document-tag/conference-poster/)